STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Explain how the United States confronted the difficult task of forming a new government. • Summarize America’s developing foreign policy with France, Great Britain, and Spain. • Identify some of the deep divisions between Federalists and Republicans.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 4 Launching the Nation With George Washington as its first president, the United States begins creating a working government for its new nation. NEXT

4. The US Constitution

5. SECTION 4 Launching the Nation Washington Heads the New Government Judiciary Act of 1789 • Judiciary Act of 1789—federal courts are superior to state courts Continued . . . NEXT

6. Government Organization One of Washington’s first tasks was to create a judicial system Judiciary Act 1789 set up our justice system Set up federal court system, Established federal Circuit courts, and district courts Allows state courts decisions to be appealed to federal courts 

7. SECTION 4 Launching the Nation Washington Heads the New Government Washington Shapes the Executive Branch • Congress creates three executive departments to help president govern • Thomas Jefferson heads Department of State, foreign affairs • Henry Knox heads Department of War, military matters • Alexander Hamiltonheads Department of Treasury, finances • Cabinet—these department heads become president’s chief advisors Continued . . . NEXT

8. LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION The hero of the Revolution was the unanimous choice for the nation’s first president Washington took office under the Constitution and with the Congress He faced an enormous task of creating a new government America’s First President

10. Washington created 3 cabinet executive positions: Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton  Government Organization

12. SECTION 4 continuedWashington Heads the New Government Hamilton and Jefferson: Two Conflicting Visions • Jefferson favors weak central government and farming economy • Hamilton favors strong central government and commercial economy Continued . . . NEXT

13. Philosophies of Government Differences within Washington’s cabinet gave rise to a Two-Party System

14. Philosophies of Government  • How did Jefferson feel about political power and the common people? • Jefferson distrusted centralized power • Jefferson trusted the common people

15. Philosophies of Government  • How did Hamilton feel about political power and the common people? • He favored centralized power • Distrusted common people

17. SECTION 4 continuedWashington Heads the New Government Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Hamilton wants to pay off national debts from the Revolution • He also wants a national bank to print money, handle taxes • James Madison and others say government lacks power to create bank • Hamilton favors loose, Madison strict interpretation of Constitution Continued . . . NEXT

18. 2-4 Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hamilton wanted a National Bank fully funded by the Government Opponents, like James Madison, felt the Constitution made no provisions for such a Federal bank Thus begins a long battle between those who interpret the Constitution loosely vs. strictly

19. Philosophies of Government  • Why did Hamilton support the national bank? • He believed it helped to organize & stabilize the nation’s fiannces • Tie wealthy investors to the nation’s success

20. Philosophies of Government  • Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the national bank? • He believed it was UNCONSTITUTIONAL

22. SECTION 4 continuedWashington Heads the New Government The First Political Parties • Two-party system—two political groups within the government • Federalists favor Hamilton, want strong central government • Democratic-Republicans favor Jefferson, want strong state governments NEXT

23. Party Politics  • Jefferson established the first political party. • Anti-Federalist • Democratic-Republicans

24. Party Politics  • Hamilton established the first political party. • Federalist

25. Party Politics  • Which region in general supported the Federalist? • Supported by Northerners • Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, • Hamilton believed in commerce & industry, while

26. Party Politics  • Which region in general supported the Anti-Federalists? • Supported by Southerners • Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist • Jefferson believed in a society of farmer-citizens

27. 2-4A Hamilton Vs. Jefferson • How did Jefferson and Hamilton’s views of govt differ? • Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, while Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist • Hamilton believed in commerce & industry, while • Jefferson believed in a society of farmer-citizens

31. SECTION 4 continuedWashington Heads the New Government The Whiskey Rebellion • Protective tariff—import tax to encourage American production • An excise tax levied on whiskey angers whiskey producers • Pennsylvania producers attack tax collectors; federal militia responds NEXT

32. 2-4 WHISKEY REBELLION During Washington’s 2nd term in office (1794), Whiskey farmers, angered by an excessive tax, attacked tax collectors Washington responded with great force (13,000 troops) Set precedent for armed force to support federal authority – (Federalist) Contrast with Shay Rebellion. 

33. Why did the United States want to access to the Mississippi River? Travel and trade were difficult on the frontier and the Mississippi offered the easiest means of transportation for frontier and merchants.

34. SECTION 4 Challenges at Home and Abroad Addressing Foreign Affairs • French monarchy overthrown (1789); France at war with Britain (1793) • Federalists support Britain, Democratic-Republicans support France • Washington keeps country neutral and warns against alliances NEXT

35. LOUIS XVI BEHEADED

36. SECTION 4 Challenges at Home and Abroad Challenges in the Northwest • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) U.S. military defeats Native Americans NEXT

37. The Battle of Fallen Timbers • (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including minor support from the British, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory • (an area bounded on the south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River, and on the northeast by the Great Lakes). • The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

38. SECTION 4 Challenges at Home and Abroad Jay’s Treaty • British evacuate Northwest Territory posts but continue fur trade • Did not settle Caribbean trade dispute; treaty barely passes Senate NEXT

39. Jay's Treaty • A 1795 treaty between the United States and the Great Britain that is credited with averting war, resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolution), and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.

40. SECTION 4 Adams Provokes Criticism Parties and Sectionalism • Federalist John Adams becomes president • Democratic-Republican Jefferson becomes vice-president Continued . . . NEXT

42. SECTION 4 Adams Provokes Criticism Adams Tries to Avoid War • France seizes U.S. ships to retaliate for U.S. treaty with Britain • XYZ Affair—low-level French officials demand bribe from Americans • U.S. and France seize each other’s ships; Adams rejects war Continued . . . NEXT

43. 2-4C XYZ AFFAIR  • Why did the French begin to seize US ships? • In retaliation for US-British agreement over the Northwest Territory, Which France regarded as a violation of the US-French alliance of 1778. • Adams sends official to France, 3 low level French ministers ask for a bribe, thus the xyz affair. • Next two years an undeclared naval war between France & U.S. was waged

44. SECTION 4 continuedAdams Provokes Criticism The Alien and Sedition Acts • Federalists curb critics of government, pass Alien and Sedition Acts: - restrict citizenship, free speech; aimed at Democratic-Republicans - raise residency requirements, allow jailing or deportation - allow jailing or fining people expressing anti-government views NEXT

45. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS • To counter what he considered a threat against the government, Adams passed through Congress the Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien Act raised residence requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed President to deport anyone • Sedition Act set fines & jail for anyone making false statements against the government

46. SECTION 4 continuedAdams Provokes Criticism Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Jefferson, Madison organize state opposition in Kentucky, Virginia • Nullification—when a state invalidates laws it deems unconstitutional NEXT

47. STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS Nullification: a state could nullify, ignore, or consider void, any act of Congress they deemed unconstitutional In an event that would foreshadow future conflicts, two Southern States James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: asserted the principle of nullification 