Announcement

1. Announcement GC Week 8 (march 4-8) deadline extended to tomorrow. Technical problem is fixed. Review session for midterm 2: this Thursday (3/14), 6-7pm in 2000 Chem. Midterm 2 (Monday, 3/18) will not include this week’s lectures on Energy, but they will be covered on the final.

2. Energy Water is central to life on Earth. Energy is central to living on Earth. We are not running out of energy, we are running out of environment. • Outline of Lectures • Today’s state of global energy • oil, gas, coal • Alternatives • renewables, nuclear • Systems and Decisions • sociopolitics of energy • Laboratory • Analyze USA energy data

3. Energy and Wealth/Poverty Near perfect proportionality between wealth and energy usage Source: Cunningham and Saigo, 1990

4. Disclosure: my car Am I the problem?

5. National Energy Policy, 2001

6. Some recommendations in President G.W. Bush's 2001 National Energy Policy Report • Production Ease restrictions on oil and gas development on public lands. Open a portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska to drilling. Ease permit process for refinery expansion and construction. Speed license procedures for hydroelectric dams and geothermal plants. • Power Plants Streamline approval process for siting power plants. Give government authority to take property through eminent domain for power lines. Provide tax breaks for developing clean coal technologies. Ease regulatory barriers, including clean air rules, to make plants more efficient. • Nuclear Adjust regulations to speed relicensing of reactors and licensing of new plants. Pursue a national nuclear waste repository; Yucca Mountain is not singled out in the report. Tax breaks for purchase of nuclear plants. Reauthorize law that limits industry liability from a nuclear accident. Revive technology that allows spent fuel from nuclear reactors to be reused to produce electricity (abandoned in 1970s because it was consider a proliferation risk). • Renewable Energy Tax credits to encourage development of energy plants that use organic waste, or biomass. Continue tax credits for wind energy generation. Give tax credit of 15 percent for homeowners who purchase solar panels. Study whether to require automobiles to meet higher fuel efficiency standards. $5 billion in new spending, mostly tax credits, for renewable energy and conservation projects. Expand alternative fuels tax incentives to landfills capturing methane gas for electricity generation. • Conservation Tax credit for purchase of high-mileage, hybrid gas-electric vehicles. Tax benefits and regulatory relief for co-generation plants that produce both heat and electricity Expand federal Energy Star program beyond businesses into schools, homes and hospitals.

7. Types of Energy Everything that moves has KINETIC ENERGY. The faster an object moves, and the more mass it has, the more kinetic energy it has. POTENTIAL ENERGY is associated with position. Potential energy is stored whenever something moves in the opposite direction to a force acting on it. INTERNAL (HEAT) ENERGY is the kinetic energy of the countless moving atoms and molecules of matter. The hotter something is, the faster its atoms and molecules move. RADIANT ENERGY is carried by electromagnetic radiation (light rays). The energy contained within molecular bonds is called CHEMICAL ENERGY.

8. Energy and Units • Work = Force x Distance (= m.a.d) = N.m = Joule • A British thermal unit (Btu) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of water by one degree Fahrenheit.  Lighting a 100-watt light bulb for one hour requires 341.5 Btu. • Amounts of petroleum are measured in barrels, where one barrel contains 42 gallons. • Amounts of natural gas are measured in cubic feet. In terms of Btu energy equivalents, 6,000ft3 of gas equals one barrel of oil.  One thousand cubic feet of gas heats a typical home for one winter day. 

9. Energy Laws First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only change from type to type. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Increasing Entropy • Changes always occur with less than 100% efficiency. So, no machine can every be 100% efficient, because certain amount of energy will be lost as heat (efficiency). PrimaryEnergy

10. Human Use of Energy • Before agriculture, an individual could only harness fire and own muscle power • For short periods a person can work at 800 Watts (~ 1 HP) • Average would be 0.3 HP over a few days • Great leap from domestication of horses, oxen, mules, camels, elephants • Egyptians used sailing boats around 3500 BC • The invention of the horseshoe around 400 BC permitted horses to plough stony fields without hurting them • In Middle Ages, energy from water mills and windmills harnessed. • In 1765, England close to running out of timber - James Watt invents the steam engine • late 19th C the use of heavy hydrocarbons for internal combustion engine, leading to transportation revolution • … does human innovation always save the day?

11. Non-Renewable Energy Sources FOSSIL FUELS • Oil Refinery products include petrochemicals, jet fuel, gasoline, kerosene, stove oil, diesel oil, heating oil, greases, lubricating oils, paraffins, asphalt; versatile small volume • Coal Used directly as heat fuel or as fuel for the generation of electricity • Natural Gas Used directly as heat fuel or as fuel for the operation of appliances

12. Photosynthesis Energy from the SUN taken up by plants: • CO2 + H2O + PAR -> CH2O + O2 • PAR = photosynthetically-active radiation • CH2O = organic matter • Storage of chemical potential energy “Biomass” - carbon storage in plants; “old biomass” used to refer to plant and animal materials that are used as fuel, e.g., firewood and dung; “new biomass” to energy crops (switchgrass, corn)

13. Energy from Earth’s Crust Source: G. Tyler Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 1994 • Fossil fuel energy sources come from the Earth’s crust: coal, oil, natural gas; geothermal energy • Uranium ore is also extracted from the crust and processed for use in nuclear fuel plants

14. Country Groupings

15. World Energy Consumption

16. World Energy by Fuel Type

18. Energy Consumption and C emissions, 1990-2020

19. Reserves and Resources Terms are often confused: Reserves are the proven supplies that can be extracted and brought to market economically Resources represent the total quantity - found and yet to be discovered Planning (and prices) are based on reserves!

20. role of coal !

21. US uses ~7bbl/yr in 2000)

24. Billions of Barrels per Year 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 GLOBAL OIL FOR RESOURCES OF 1800, 2200, AND 2600 billion of barrels(Hubbert’s peak) 2600 2200 1800

27. World’s coal reserves are greater and more evenly distributed that oil and gas reserves

29. Rich vs. Poor Geology is not “fair”: energy resources are unevenly distributed. The developed world: • 25% of world’s population • 67% of world’s fossil fuel resources Use is yet more uneven: The United States: • ~ 4% of world’s population (.28/6) • Uses ~24% of all energy produced India • ~ 16% of world’s population (.98/6) • Uses ~2% of all energy produced

30. (Quadrillion (1E15) Btu)1 quad = 1E15 British thermal units = 2.9E11 kWh US Energy Flow, 1999 Average energy consumption in US is 0.4E–6 quads/person/year, and US population is about 5% of Earth. Energy consumption is large compared with food consumption (1.2E4 kJ/day/person, which translates to only 0.4E–8 quads/person/year).Corresponding numbers for world energy consumption for 1999, are: petroleum 149.7; natural gas 87.3; coal 84.9; nuclear 25.2; hydro, geothermal, solar, wind and other renewables 29.9; total world energy production is ~380 quads. (Nature414, 332 - 337 (15 Nov 2001) Insight)

31. US Energy – Past, Present and Future Transition from “old” biomass (wood) to coal to other fossil fuels (gas, oil), which characterizes the pattern of many developed countries

32. US Energy – Overview (2000) Consumption/person Consumption/source

33. US Energy Production, Consumption and Imports(1970-2000) Edwin L. Drake’s first oilwell, 1859

34. Arctic Refuge Drilling Cumulative Savings from Higher Fuel Economy vs. Cumulative Oil Production from the Arctic Refuge NB ANWR oil may be as much as 15bbls, ~2 years of US needs. Source: NRDC, 2001

35. Ultimate source of energy is Sun (99%) • Humans add ~1% commercial and noncommercial energy • Commercial energy, sold in marketplace, mostly fossil fuels • Noncommercial energy, mostly firewood

36. Renewable Energy Sources Of the total of known energy reserves and potentially available resources in the U.S., 92% are from renewable sources: • Biomass (firewood, dung) • Hydropower (rivers) • Solar (panels, cells) • Sea (waves, tides, currents, thermal) • Geothermal (Earth’s internal heat) • Wind (windmills) • Nuclear (uranium) Developing most of the untapped renewable energy resources could meet 50-80% of the projected US energy needs by 2030.

37. NREL website

38. Photovoltaic Cells • Convert light energy into electricity • PV systems can be constructed to any size based on individual energy requirements, and are low-maintenance • Ideal for supplying power to homes far from utility power lines in remote areas where losses are relatively high (Image from US Nat. Renewable Energy Lab)

39. Wind Wind in the United States could produce more than 4.4 trillion kWh of electricity each year--more than and the 2.7 trillion kWh of electricity consumed in the United States (1990).

40. Hydropower • Use the kinetic energy of falling water to generate electricity. • A turbine and a generator convert the energy from the water to mechanical and then electrical energy. • Most "green" energy is from dams. Hydropower accounts for about 10% of generated electricity in the US. • Dams do not contribute to global warming, but have harmful effects on rivers (including alteration of flow regime, killing fish and altering vegetation). Some companies are now offering a new category of energy: “salmon-friendly.”

41. Geothermal Power • Geothermal resources range from shallow to deep (several miles) below Earth's surface. • Three types: geothermal heat pumps, direct-use applications, and power plants. Natural steam from production wells powers a turbine generator, producing white plumes of water vapor.

42. Biomass • Biomass is organic material that stems from plants, trees, and crops. • Largest contribution to energy consumption in developing countries, traditionally used as firewood for cooking and heating. • Modern uses include combustion to produce energy in the form of electricity, steam and biofuels. (Image from US Nat. Renewable Energy Lab)

43. Relative cost (c/kWh) and “Learning Curve” Learning curve and buy-down cost for an advanced energy technology. The incremental cost for buying down the cost of the advanced technology relative to the conventional technology is shown, as the advanced technology moves along its learning curve. The area between the curves indicates the total cost for buying down the cost of the advanced technology to the level at which the advanced technology is competitive with the conventional technology. The point where costs for advanced and conventional technologies are equal does not necessarily represent the asymptotic (long-term) market price for the advanced technology

44. Nuclear Power (Fission) • No new nuclear reactors ordered in the United States since partial core meltdown at Three Mile Island in 1979. • New designs such as breeder reactors may be more efficient, but still have same problems of radiation risk and waste disposal. Pebble bed reactors may limit arms proliferation risk. • Nuclear Revival? After 20 years and $4 billion, Yucca Mountain has been officially recommended (2002) by the Dept. of Energy for long term storage of US nuclear waste. State and x-country transportation issues remain.

45. Renewable Sources • Renewable sources of energy have undergone significant technological development, with costs lowered • Nuclear power has been an unfulfilled dream, stifled by problems with waste, cost and reliability. • Wind systems are capital intensive, but easy to operate • Danish offshore wind farms pipe energy over fiber optic cables and generate 10% of the country’s energy in 2000 • Equatorial countries have considerable potential for solar systems • California expects to generate ~10% by wind energy in early 21st century Cents per kilowatt-hr Compare with ~3 cents per kWh for conventional power stations

46. Current Status and Potential Future Costs of Renewable Energy Technologies (Source: UNDP World Energy Assessment, 2000)

47. Renewables - potential

48. Energy New Approaches and Social Issues Approaches • efficiency • alternatives Social Issues • wealth • urbanization • health • etc……

49. Fuel Cells http://www.fuelcells.org/ • A fuel cell system which includes a "fuel reformer" can utilize the hydrogen from any hydrocarbon fuel - from natural gas to methanol, and even gasoline. • Since the fuel cell relies on chemistry and not combustion, emissions from this type of a system would still be much smaller than emissions from the cleanest fuel combustion processes.