APUSH Midterm Review - Prepare for Success Tomorrow!

1. Today’s Agenda (12/20/16): • Midterm Info for Tomorrow • Midterm Pre-Test (50 Questions) • Midterm Review Packets

2. FOR TOMORROW! • Bring a #2 Pencil (or two) • 55 Questions; you will have around 60 minutes to complete it!! • Periods 1-5 (pre-Columbus  Reconstruction); heavy emphasis on Periods 2-4 • Good study materials = Midterm Study Guides (available on website); Crash Course (on YouTube); Gilder-Lehrman AP Test Review (on G-L website); any APUSH Exam books you may have purchased (makes a great Chrstmahanukwanzaagift!)

3. APUSH Midterm Multi-Choice Practice

4. Period 1: 1491-1607 On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

5. Question 1: • Answer: B • Explanation: Diseases of the Europeans decimated indigenous populations in the Americas. While technology and other products did lead to new economic opportunities in the New World, diseases led to deaths of millions of native people.

6. Question 2: • Answer: C • Explanation: With the introduction of livestock into the New World, farming and agriculture began to thrive in the Americas. The horse also revolutionized warfare, especially among the Plains Indians of the Southwest

7. Period 2: 1607-1754 Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.

8. Question 3: • Answer: B • Explanation: The Middle Passage was infamous for being the route that transported slaves across the Atlantic. Africans were packed in the ships and often chained up for weeks. The mortality rate was extremely high.

9. Question 4: • Answer: C • Explanation: European merchants traveled along the coast of Africa trading goods, which then led them to begin trading for African slaves. Once their holds were full, they traveled across the Atlantic and sold them in the Americas. This slave labor was used in the growing economies of the New World.

10. Question 5: • Answer: B • Explanation: Mercantilism was an economic philosophy practiced by many European countries during colonization. It was the idea that colonies should ship raw materials to their mother country to be used in the manufacture of goods.

11. Question 6: • Answer: B • Explanation: The image reflects the perspective that the importation of slaves is a legitimate enterprise. The image is a notice for a slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina in the 1700s. Slavery was believed to be crucial to South Carolina’s plantation economy.

12. Question 7: • Answer: C • Explanation: During the 1700s, the most widespread crop cultivated by slaves in North America was tobacco. Cotton did not become the chief cash crop in the South until after Eli Whitney’s marketing of the cotton gin in the early 1800s.

13. Question 8: • Answer: A • Explanation: Following the American Revolution, many Founding Fathers (such as Washington and Jefferson) believed that slavery would gradually disappear in the United States, Economically tobacco was losing some of its importance as new sources appeared elsewhere in the world. Also the human rights ideals of the Revolution seemed to be at odds with the institution of slavery.

14. Question 9: • Answer: D • Explanation: In Article IV, Section 2 of the US Constitution, a "person held to service or labour" who flees to another state was to be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped. In 1793 (and later on in 1850), Congress to steps to strengthen and enforce the clause though the Fugitive Slave Acts.

15. Question 10: • Answer: C • Explanation: As can be seen in the text of the excerpt, the settlement at Germantown was a “fine and fertile district” which allowed for both grazing of livestock, lumber for building, and fresh water.

16. Question 11: • Answer: B • Explanation: As stated in the excerpt, Pastorius and other producers living in Penn’s colony were not exclusively bound to trade their harvest solely with England (as trade occurs with Barbados and within the colony itself).

17. Question 12: • Answer: D • Explanation: One of the most enticing features of immigrating to Penn’s colony was that there was no law requiring absolute devotion to one government-favored religious practice (unlike Massachusetts Bay and Jamestown). Penn’s tolerance of all religious beliefs was unique in the American colonial experience for its time.

18. Question 13: • Answer: A • Explanation: As can be discerned from the language of the excerpts, both were written to protest the British government’s efforts to assert greater control over its North American colonies.

19. Period 3:1754-1800 British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.

20. Question 14: • Answer: D • Explanation: The ideas about government that Paine and Jefferson expressed were derived in large part from, and therefore most consistent with, ideas developed by Enlightenment thinkers.

21. Question 15: • Answer: C • Explanation: Both principles expressed in the excerpts emphasize that government is designed to serve at the will of and to protect the governed, and therefore these principles best account for the relatively limited powers that the Articles of Confederation granted to its central government.

22. Question 16: • Answer: D • Explanation: Although all of the Constitutional Amendments represent changes to the original document, the 13th Amendment best exemplifies the sentiment in Jefferson’s quote. By 1865, there was just enough political, economic, and moral will in the United States to do away with the practice of slavery which had existed in a fully-protected status from the colonial, state, and US governments since its inception in 1619.

23. Question 17: • Answer: B • Explanation: James Madison and Alexander Hamilton led the charge to form a Constitutional Convention and draft the Constitution in 1787. It was primarily the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation that led to their rejection.

24. Question 18: • Answer: A • Explanation: Immediately after the drafting of the Constitution two factions (Federalists and anti-Federalists) were born to either support or denounce the new plan for government (mainly at the support or fear over the central government’s new power over the states). In the wake of Washington’s election, Federalists rallied around Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton and his “broad constructionist” beliefs while Jefferson and Madison formed the Democratic-Republicans as “strict constructionists” who wanted to maintain rights/privileges of the states.

25. Period 4: 1800-1848 The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.

26. Question 19: • Answer: A • Explanation: As the great-grandson of President John Adams, historian Henry Adams might have been expected to be critical of the policies of John Adams (due to the fact that John Adams was a Federalist and Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican).

27. Question 20: • Answer: B • Explanation: Thomas Jefferson’s victory in the election of 1800 was important because it was the first time the presidency shifted from one political party to another. At the time, regime changes often happened due to or the result of bloodshed/warfare. This did not take place in the wake of Jefferson’s election.

28. Question 21: • Answer: D • Explanation: Although Jefferson believed that government should be small and limited, once in office, he vigorously exercise federal power in foreign affairs. Most notably, he fought a naval war against the Barbary Coast pirate state of Tripoli from 1801-1805. He recommended the Louisiana Purchase despite his fears that such an action might be unconstitutional. He also cut off trade with Britain as a means to attempt to deal with the naval policy of impressment and cargo seizures.

29. Question 22: • Answer: C • Explanation: According to Adams’s excerpt, the city of Washington DC was still small and developing when Jefferson took office. It was a small town with few amenities that government officials could enjoy during their downtime.

30. Question 23: • Answer: C • Explanation: In 1819, Missouri applied to join the Union as a slave state. This would have offset the balance between free and slave states in the Senate, giving the advantage to slave states. In 1820, Rep. Henry Clay fashioned a compromise that admitted Missouri as a slave state and carving out part of northern Massachusetts as a free state to maintain the balance.

31. Question 24: • Answer: C • Explanation: Quakers were the first group in America to openly oppose slavery, especially the spread of slavery. Adding a new space state was not acceptable to those in the early anti-slavery movement.

32. Question 25: • Answer: C • Explanation: The Supreme Court Dred Scott decision declared that slaves were property protected by the “due process” clause of the 5th Amendment and that the decision declared by the Missouri Compromise banning the spread of slavery anywhere in the US was unconstitutional.

33. Question 26: • Answer: C • Explanation: The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were prompted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. They promoted the idea that a state could nullify a federal law if that law violated a state’s constitutional rights.

34. Question 27: • Answer: B • Explanation: Calhoun’s speech led South Carolina to declare the Tariff of 1832 null and void, which led to a secession crisis and a feud between South Carolina and the federal government, most notably Pres. Andrew Jackson. South Carolina embraced the states’ rights ideology and refuted the tariff for its supposed anti-Southern stipulations.

35. Question 28: • Answer: B • Explanation: Calhoun and many of the Southern states believed that the battle between states’ rights and a strong central government was an ongoing battle. This was not the first, nor would it be the last, argument between the two factions over who would have the final say, and would not be settled until the Civil War’s conclusion in 1865.

36. Question 29: • Answer: D • Explanation: Edison’s career as an inventor did not happen until after the Civil War (in the late 1870s-1880s). The telegraph, the railroad, and transatlantic steamship travel had all been in place prior to the war during the Jacksonian Era.

37. Question 30: • Answer: A • Explanation: The first large mechanized textile factory was constructed in Lowell, Massachusetts in the early 1820s, and by the 1830s a number of others had been constructed nearby. Construction on the first transcontinental railroad did not begin until the early 1860s. The expansion of the steel industry was a post-Civil War event and the automobile did not arrive until the turn of the century.

38. Question 31: • Answer: B • Explanation: New York City was connected to the Great Lakes and surrounding region by the Erie Canal and the Hudson River. The city grew and prospered as a result of the improvement to the speed and lowering of the cost of transportation.

39. Question 32: • Answer: B • Explanation: Modern American politics had clearly come into being by the time of the election of 1840 in which two well-organized parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, competed with each other in every section of the country.

40. Question 33: • Answer: B • Explanation: The Declaration of Sentiments called for equal rights for women, the opposite of the prevailing ideal in the early 19th century that women should focus on the home and the domestic sphere.

41. Question 34: • Answer: A • Explanation: Due to the fact that women played such a prominent role in the abolitionist cause (and how the abolitionist cause initiated the women’s rights movement), they were outraged that women were excluded from the 15th Amendment’s provision of the right to vote which reinvigorated the women’s movement in the years after the Civil War.

42. Period 5: 1844-1877 As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war — the course and aftermath of which transformed American society.

43. Question 35: • Answer: C • Explanation: O’Sullivan makes reference to God and the tone of the passage is clear and confident in that expansion is the destiny of America.

44. Question 36: • Answer: A • Explanation: The Gold Rush of 1849 caused the population of California to surge as both American emigrants and foreign immigrants headed to California to find their fortune. Within a year, California had the required number of free white men to be considered for statehood. Oregon, in the meantime, saw its number of emigrants stagnate.

45. Question 37: • Answer: C • Explanation: President James K. Polk is known to history as the “manifest destiny President” due to his numerous policies of expansion (particularly his decision to annex Texas, Oregon, and the land from Mexico after the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848).

46. Question 38: • Answer: C • Explanation: The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a scheme created by Illinois Sen. Stephen Douglas. It was proposed to allow these two territories to vote on slavery based on popular sovereignty which caused an uproar in Congress and in the United States population.

47. Question 39: • Answer: C • Explanation: Sen. Charles Sumner directed his words against the slave-expansionists of the South. He believed in the “slaveocracy” of the South in which they sought political power by spreading slavery throughout the entire nation.

48. Question 40: • Answer: B • Explanation: Charles Sumner suffered a near-fatal beating at the hands of Rep. Preston Brooks for Sumner’s remarks in his speech against Brooks’s uncle Sen. Andrew Butler of South Carolina (a staunch supporter of the K-N Act and an unapologetic slaveowner).

49. Question 41: • Answer: A • Explanation: In his Cooper Union Address, Lincoln calls for northern voters to resist the demands of pro-slavery advocates. The Cooper Union Address was a long speech that enabled Lincoln to summarize his views in the wake of Dred Scott, his Senate race two years prior, and the John Brown raid. The success of the speech made Lincoln a contender for the Republican Presidential nomination that same year.

50. Question 42: • Answer: B • Explanation: A member of the Republican Party would have been most likely to support Lincoln’s position. The Republican Party was created in 1854 in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the possibility of slavery being established in the territories where it had been previously barred.