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Dieter Hoffmann Max Planck Institute for the History of Science dh@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888): from Köslin to Berlin & Bonn, from Kinetic Theory to Modern Thermodynamics. Dieter Hoffmann Max Planck Institute for the History of Science dh@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de.

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Dieter Hoffmann Max Planck Institute for the History of Science dh@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de

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  1. Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888):from Köslin to Berlin & Bonn,from Kinetic Theory toModern Thermodynamics Dieter HoffmannMax Planck Institute for the History of Science dh@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de

  2. January 2nd, 1822 born in Köslin/Pomerania (now Koszalin)1828-34 Primary School Köslin 1838-40Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium Stettin 1840 Abitur

  3. Köslin (today Koszalin) Market Place

  4. Stettin (today Szczecin)

  5. Oct. 1840Attending Univ.Berlin1844Exam for Teacher;Teacher at Friedrich-Werdersches Gymn.;Fellow Magnus‘ Circel1848PhD University Halle18502. PhD (Habilitation) University Berlin1850Artillery- & Engineering College

  6. „Literary Berlin“ around 1830 • W.v. Humboldt • Chr. W. Hufeland • A.v. Humboldt • C. Ritter • J.A. Neander • F. Schleiermacher • G.W.F. Hegel

  7. Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Berlin, Unter den Linden

  8. A.W.H. Dove (1803-1879) G.L.Dirichlet (1805-1859) J. Steiner (1796-1863)

  9. Magnus Effect in Aerodynamics „Über die Abweichung der Geschosse“ 1852 (On the deviation of bullets) Gustav Magnus (1802-1870)

  10. Friedrich-Werdersches Gymnasium, Berlin(High School)List of the Teacher

  11. On the Nature of those Parts of the Atmosphereof Earth which produce Reflection of LightAnnalen der Physik 76(1849)

  12. Clausius‘ PhD Diploma, University Halle 1848

  13. Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule, Berlin (Royal Artillery and Engineering College)

  14. House of Gustav Magnus, around 1840 Berlin, Am Kupfergraben

  15. Family Tree of the School of Gustav Magnus

  16. Education in Laboratory Skills Research in Physiology Magnus School Regular Colloquia (1843) Physical Society (1845)

  17. Foundation of the Berlin/German Physical Society in 1845 Foundation of the Berlin/German Physical Society, in 1845

  18. Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) „During the 60 years which spanned the call of Hermann Helmholtz to become professor of physics in Berlin University in 1871,and Erwin Schrödinger‘s call, to the chair of theoretical physics (1927), the general history of physics was closely connected with the history of physics in Berlin.“ H.-J. Treder

  19. Something is wrong with the First Law Sadi Carnot 1796-1832 Benoit Clapeyron 1799-1864 Hermann Helmholtz 1821-1894

  20. Founder of modern ThermodynamicsEntropy Concept &Second Law of Thermodynamics&Kinetic Gas Theory

  21. On the motive power of heat, and on the laws which can be derived from it for the theory of heatAnnalen der Physik 155(1850) 368-397; 500-524 „Heat cannot pass by itself from a colder to a warmer body.“

  22. dS = dQ / T - The energy of the universe is constant. - The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. On various forms of the prinicipal equations of the mechanical theory of heat that are most satisfactory for applicationsAnnalen der Physik 125(1865) 353-400

  23. 1855-67 Professor for mathematical PhysicsPolytechnicum Zurich (ETH)

  24. Founder of Kinetic Gas Theory and Statistical Physics

  25. On the kind of motion that we call heatAnnalen der Physik 100(1857)497-507

  26. On the Scattering of Light in the AtmosphereAnnalen der Physik 75(1848)122-135

  27. Concept of the mean free path L of an atom/moleculeOn the mean free path traveled in molecular motion in gaseous particles; in addition some other remarks on the mechanical theory of heatAnnalen der Physik 105(1858)239-258

  28. University of Bonn, Institute of Physics

  29. The mechanical theory of heat,Brunswick 1879

  30. 1855-67 • Professor • mathematical physics • Polytechnicum Zurich • 1867-69 • Professor for Physics • University Würzburg • 1869-88 • Professor for Physics • University Bonn • 1879 Copley Medal • 1884 Rector • 1888 Pour le Mérite

  31. Rudolf Clausius + August 24th, 1888 in Bonn

  32. Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, gegr. 1810 - Einheit von Forschung und Lehre

  33. Foundation of the German Physical Society, Berlin 1845

  34. On the motive power of heat and the laws that maybe derived from it for the theory of heatAnnalen der Physik 79(1850)368-397; 500-524

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