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Nutritional & Health Status Part II

FIELD BIOLOGY & METHODOLOGY Fall 2013 Althoff. Lecture 18. Nutritional & Health Status Part II. Feather “time”. Adrenal glands. Assessing Health/Stress Levels.

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Nutritional & Health Status Part II

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  1. FIELD BIOLOGY & METHODOLOGYFall 2013 Althoff Lecture 18 Nutritional & Health Status Part II Feather “time” Adrenal glands

  2. Assessing Health/Stress Levels • Two basic approaches: 1) assess _________________(invasive) 2) assess from _______________ (non-invasive) 1 2

  3. ______________ – Basic Anatomy & Function • Located on the anterior end of the kidneys • Cortex (outer layer) and Medulla (inner layer) • Controlled by input from the hypothalamus

  4. HYPOTHALAMUS Anterior pituitary Adrenal MEDULLA Adrenal CORTEX

  5. HYPOTHALAMUS  ?  Adrenal Glands ADRENAL”___________” RESPONSE ADRENALMEDULLA SHORT TERM ADRENALCORTEX LONG TERM • Heartbeat & blood pressure increase • Blood glucose level rises • Muscles become energized • GLUCOCORTICOIDS --protein & fat metabolism instead of glucose breakdown --immune cells are suppressed • MINERALOCORTICOIDS --Na+ and H20 are reabsorbed by kidneys --Blood volume and pressure increase

  6. Adrenal Glands • Respond to stress big time! • Adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla have ____ “interaction” • Controlled by ____________________ • Hypothalamus > Adrenal medulla communication via sympathetic fibers (i.e., nervous system “communication”) • Hypothalamus > Anterior Pituitary > Adrenal cortex via blood stream

  7. ________________ Levels Indicator of __________ level • Glucocorticoid metaobolites used ___________ adrenocortical activity • Some started with collecting feces/pellets produced by wild animals (usually ungulates)….now a move to do some analysis of feces from captive animals to determine types of variation = __________________ • One recommendation—”__________” pellets as “not all pellets are uniform” from a pellet group • Again shows promise as a ____________…plus big advantage that it is ______________.

  8. Ptilochronlogy • “___________________” is translation for Ptilochronology • Idea and most extensive work in investigation “feather time” done by Thomas Grubb (now retired Ohio State professor) • First conception of it: 1987 • Basically: faint series of regularly __________________________________ oriented almost ________________to the shaft (rachis) of the feather

  9. Ptilochronlogy…background • Fairly common knowledge: bird will _________ a feather to replace a lost one • Feather regeneration requires __________ and ______________ • If such energy and nutrients are in ___________, then the feather will likely grow more ________ • By measuring the _________________, one has an index to the energy and nutrients available for feather growth

  10. Ptilochronlogy…some more “theory” • If one removes an original feather (and obviously knows when they removed it), one knows the time interval in which the replacement was grown • One can obtain an index of nutritional effects of any particular environmental condition one measures while the feather is being grown

  11. Ptilochronlogy… some ________________ • Evaluate habitat quality • Nutritional consequences of self-cached foods • Social behavior • Individual quality • Reproductive effort • Nesting condition

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