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Descriptive Mineralogy

Descriptive Mineralogy. Native Elements: Pure elements that occur as minerals. Classification of the Minerals. Silicates Orthosilicates Sorosilicates Cyclosilicates Chain Silicates Layer Silicates Tektosilicates. Non-Silicates Native Elements Halides Sulfides Oxides Hydroxides

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Descriptive Mineralogy

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  1. Descriptive Mineralogy Native Elements: Pure elements that occur as minerals

  2. Classification of the Minerals • Silicates • Orthosilicates • Sorosilicates • Cyclosilicates • Chain Silicates • Layer Silicates • Tektosilicates • Non-Silicates • Native Elements • Halides • Sulfides • Oxides • Hydroxides • Carbonates • Sulfates • Phosphates

  3. Native Elements

  4. Native Elements: Metals • Fe, Co, Ni: Meteorites • Platinum Group: (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt): Mafic Igneous Rocks • Coinage metals: Cu, Ag, Au • Cu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfide Oxidation) • Au: Low Temperature Hydrothermal, Placer

  5. Native Iron: Meteorites

  6. Native Iron: MeteoritesWidmanstätten Pattern

  7. Iron-Nickel Phase Diagram

  8. Platinum Group MetalsRu, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt • Strongly siderophile elements • Enriched in Fe meteorites • Found in layered mafic intrusions • Bushvelt Complex (South Africa) • Stillwater Complex (Montana) • Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)

  9. Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

  10. Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

  11. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

  12. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

  13. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

  14. Native Elements: Cu, Ag, Au • Cu and Ag: Supergene Enrichment • Oxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides in unsaturated zone • Precipitation of metal, oxides and carbonates at water table • Ag and Au: hydrothermal • Native metals and tellurides • Au: placer • oxidized hydrothermal

  15. Supergene Copper

  16. Hydrothermal Silver

  17. Hydrothermal Gold

  18. Hydrothermal Gold

  19. Native Elements: non metals • Carbon: • Graphite: Metamorphic Rocks • Diamond: Kimberlites • Sulfur (+Se): • Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction), • Volcanos (H2S oxidation) • Tellurium (Te) Telluride oxidation

  20. Native Elements: Carbon • Graphite (Low Pressure) • Metamorphosed Organic-rich sediments • Diamond (High Pressure >100km) • Kimberlites • Placers from kimberlites

  21. Native Elements: Diamond

  22. Native Elements: Diamond

  23. Kimberley Mine 1875

  24. Native Elements: Sulfur • Fumaroles (Volcanic hydrothermal vents) • Oxidation of H2S • Salt dome cap rocks • Sulfate reduction by petroleum

  25. Fumarole Sulfur: Nysseros

  26. In the caps of salt domes, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) is reduced to native sulfur

  27. Native Elements

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