Olmecs (1200-400BCE)

2. Olmecs(1200-400BCE) • Discuss Meso-American physical geography. • Describe the legacy of the Olmecs to later Mesoamerican civilizations…think “mother culture.” • Discuss trade and commerce in the Olmec civilization. • Identify specialized technologies developed by the Olmecs. Olmec Mound- TresZapotes

3. Meso-America • Common Characteristics: • Agriculture—maize, beans, squash • Religion—jaguar spirit, polytheism, ritual ball game, human sacrifice • Architecture—pyramid building • Mesoamerican trade and communication networks—Central America to SW US/Mississippi River Valley • Calendar • Lack of metallurgy (until late Mayan, Aztecs) • Lack “beasts of burden” • Climate—Tierra Templada, Caliente

4. Olmec Head - Santiago Tuxtla Town Square Olmec Head - Jalapa Museum

6. Zapotecs • Discuss the contributions of Zapotec civilization in the Americas. • What evidence exists of Olmec influence on the Zapotecs? Monte Alban

7. Honors Humanities Themes S = Development and transformation of social structures • Gender roles and relations • Family and kinship • Racial and ethnic constructions • Social and economic classes P = Political (State-building, expansion, and conflict) • Political structures and forms of governance • Empires • Nations and nationalism • Revolts and revolutions • Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations I = Interaction between humans and the environment • Demography and disease • Migration • Patterns of settlement • Technology C = Development and interaction of cultures • Religions • Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies • Science and technology • The arts and architecture E = Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems • Agricultural and pastoral production • Trade and commerce • Labor systems • Industrialization • Capitalism and socialism

8. Teotihuacan • Discuss the nature and significance of religion in Teotihuacan. • Describe the agricultural technology utilized in Teotihuacan. • What do historians speculate regarding social class and political structures in Teotihuacan? Why do you think this is unclear and up to debate?

9. Teotihuacan

10. Teotihuacan

11. Honors Humanities Themes S = Development and transformation of social structures • Gender roles and relations • Family and kinship • Racial and ethnic constructions • Social and economic classes P = Political (State-building, expansion, and conflict) • Political structures and forms of governance • Empires • Nations and nationalism • Revolts and revolutions • Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations I = Interaction between humans and the environment • Demography and disease • Migration • Patterns of settlement • Technology C = Development and interaction of cultures • Religions • Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies • Science and technology • The arts and architecture E = Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems • Agricultural and pastoral production • Trade and commerce • Labor systems • Industrialization • Capitalism and socialism

12. Maya

13. Mural titled— The Presentation of Captives, c. 792 CE

14. Tikal

15. Stele from Calakmul, dating to 731—depicts the king Yuknoom Took' K'awiil. Stele high-relief in-the-round sculpture from Copán Huipil

16. Meso-America What common characteristics do you see amongst the Meso-American civilizations? (Olmecs, Zapotecs, Teotihuacan, Maya, and Toltecs)

17. Meso-America • Common Characteristics: • Metallurgy—copper, silver, gold, mostly for adornment/display of wealth • Beasts of burden—llama and alpaca • Religion—Polytheism (animal themes), human sacrifice • Monumental architecture, platforms, irrigation, etc. • No written language • Diet—potatoes, corn, beans, squash, quinoa, some fish, etc. • Vertical trade • WaruWaru (ca. 300 BCE) • Climate—Tierra Fria, Templada

18. Chavin (c. 900-250BCE) • What challenges did the physical geography of the Andes create for these early civilizations? • In what way were the Chavin a “mother culture” for Andean South American civilizations? • Discuss agriculture and trade in the Chavin civilization. • What technologies were developed at Chavin de Huantar? • Economic and social organization? Labor systems?

19. Chavin

20. Andean South America • Common Characteristics: • Metallurgy • Beasts of burden—llama and alpaca • Polytheism—animal themes • Cities • No written language • Climate—Tierra Fria, Templada, Caliente (Jungle) • Diet—potatoes, corn, beans, squash (more diverse than central America) • Vertical trade • Terraced Farming

21. Nazca

22. Moche (c. 100-700CE) • In Andean civilization, discuss how social structure was related to labor systems. • Discuss gender relations in Andean civilization. • Discuss agricultural and pastoral production in Andean society. • What is “vertical integration?” • Describe the diversity of the Moche diet and why it was so diverse. • Discuss the social hierarchy and elements of stratification in the Moche civilization. • Discuss artisans and manufacturing in the Moche civilization.

23. Honors Humanities Themes S = Development and transformation of social structures • Gender roles and relations • Family and kinship • Racial and ethnic constructions • Social and economic classes P = Political (State-building, expansion, and conflict) • Political structures and forms of governance • Empires • Nations and nationalism • Revolts and revolutions • Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations I = Interaction between humans and the environment • Demography and disease • Migration • Patterns of settlement • Technology C = Development and interaction of cultures • Religions • Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies • Science and technology • The arts and architecture E = Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems • Agricultural and pastoral production • Trade and commerce • Labor systems • Industrialization • Capitalism and socialism

24. Moche- Sipan

27. Andean South America What common characteristics do you see amongst the Andean South American civilizations? (Chavin, Moche, and Nazca)