Methods of Patient Care RSMI 242 طرق العناية بالمريض 242 أشعة

1. Methods of Patient Care RSMI 242طرق العناية بالمريض242 أشعة Unit 1: Introduction to Care of Patient in Radiology • Prepared By: • Dr. Ahmad H. Abu Raddaha, PhD, RN-BC • @ Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University’s • College of Applied Medical Sciences

2. Introduction The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 came fully into force on 1 April 1975. Also known as: HASAW or HSW

3. Introduction • As a result of HASAW Act, workers come under protective legislation and employing authorities are obliged to provide hygienic and safe working conditions and do all in their power to ensure safe working systems and sufficient information, instruction and training and thereby to: • Ensure the safety of the patient while he/she in radiology department. • Prevent accidents and incidents that could give rise to the injuries. • Minimize patients and public radiation exposure by ensuring that radiation doses do not exceed regulated levels.

4. Radiation Radiation is a form of energy. We may or may not have health consequences when we are exposed to radiation. The word radiation often evokes concern and a sense of fear in people. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care • Adler and Carlton 2018

5. Role of Radiation in Medicine • Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. • Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions and to diagnose and treat disease. • Example: The use of radioactive iodine to treat thyroid problems, including thyroid cancer.

6. X-rays Discovery • Wilhelm Roentgenis the first person to discover the potential for using electromagnetic radiation to create X-ray images. • The X-ray of his wife's hand with a wedding ring, first ever captured X-ray on a photographic plate

7. Radioactivity Discovery • Henri Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie were among the first to discover natural radiation, whilst investigating the properties of fluorescent minerals. • Becquerel is the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. • One of the early minerals Becquerel worked with was uranium. • He received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. • The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him.

8. The Curies discovered another radioactive element in the ore and named it polonium after Marie's native Poland. • Radiumwas an additional element discovered during that same time period. 

9. Radiation Injuries @ Early 20th Century Radiation injury is damage to tissues caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. • Skin Burns. • Hair Loss. • Anemia. • Both patients and healthcare providers might be at risk.

10. History of Radiographers • Physicists. • Technicians. • Hospital-based programs. • Community colleges.

11. Overview of Radiology and Radiographic Procedures

12. How Are X-rays Produced?

13. Bones absorb the radiation more than the less dense soft tissue. X-rays from a source pass through the body and onto a photographic cassette.

14. X-ray Production: An Overview • Vacuum Tube - why? • Source of Electrons (Tungsten) - why? • Target (Tungsten) - why? • High Potential Difference (Voltage) - why?

15. Brief Overview of Radiobiology

16. Radiosensitivity Law (Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau) Some types of tissues respond more quickly to lower doses of radiation than others. • Age. • Younger tissues are more radiosensitive. • Humans are most sensitive at birth. • Sensitivity decreases until maturity. • In old age, radiosensitivity increases. • Differentiation • Stem cells are radiosensitive. More mature cells are more resistant.

17. Radiosensitivity Law (Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau) • Metabolic rate • Tissues with high metabolic activity are highly radiosensitive. • Mitotic rate • High proliferation and growth rate, high radiosensitivty. Effects • Short-term/Long-term somatic • Genetic

18. Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection • Time • As the length of time a technologist is exposed increases, the dose received increases in direct proportion.  • During fluoroscopic exams, technologists should only be in the room when needed to assist. Otherwise they should be behind the lead wall, dressed in lead apron and thyroid collar in case their assistance is needed. • Distance • When performing portable x-ray exams, a technologist should be at least six feet (2 meters) from the source of the radiation. • Shielding • The most widely used and recommended is a 0.5 mm lead equivalent for protective apparel.

19. ALARA • AS • LOW • AS • REASONABLY • ACHIEVABLE

20. Dose Limits for Radiation Workers • The annual total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) for the whole body is 5,000 mrem (5 rem). • TEDE: The sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures).

21. What Do Radiologic Technologists Do? • They perform diagnostic imaging examinations and administer radiation therapy treatments. • They are responsible for accurately positioning patients and ensuring that a quality diagnostic image is produced. • They work closely with radiologists, the physicians who interpret medical images to either diagnose or rule out disease or injury.

22. What is Radiographer Scope of Practice? See Attached Document

23. Radiologic Technologists being trained in operating room and trauma radiography and in mobile radiography. • In addition, they can have cross training in special imaging modalities such as: • Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology • Computed Tomography (CT) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Mammography • Diagnostic Medical Sonography • Nuclear Medicine • Positron Emission Tomography