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Understanding the Skeletal System: Functions, Structure, and Disorders

Explore the functions and structure of the skeletal system, including bone formation, growth, types, and the axial and appendicular skeleton. Learn about joints, types of motion, aging effects, bone and joint injuries, and common disorders like arthritis and osteoporosis.

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Understanding the Skeletal System: Functions, Structure, and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 6 Skeletal System

  2. Functions • Support • Protect • Movement and anchorage • Mineral storage • hemopoiesis

  3. Structure and Formation of Bone • Osteocytes • Mature bone cell • Organic material (flexibility) • Collagen • Jellylike material • Inorganic material (hardness and durability)

  4. Long Bones • Shaft or diaphysis • Each end is the epiphysis • Covered by articular cartilage • In center is the medullary canal • Yellow bone marrow • Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)

  5. Long Bones • Red marrow • Ends of long bones • Manufacture red blood cells and some white blood cells • Periosteum • Covering on outside of the bone

  6. Growth • Grow in length • Ossify from center outward • Osteoblasts • Osteoclasts

  7. Growth • Growth stops when all the epiphyseal cartilage is ossified • Females grow until about 18 years of age • Males grow until about 20-21 years of age

  8. Bone Types • Long bones • Flat bones • Irregular bones • Short bones

  9. Skeletal System • Axial skeleton • Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone • Appendicular skeleton • Upper and lower extremities

  10. Axial Skeleton • 22 bones of the skull • 14 facial bones • Spinal column (vertebra) • Ribs and sternum

  11. The Skull

  12. The Skull

  13. Appendicular SkeletonUpper Extremities • Shoulder girdle • Arm • Hand

  14. Appendicular SkeletonLower Extremities • Pelvic girdle • Upper leg • Lower leg • Ankle • Foot

  15. Joints • Called articulations • Points of contact between two bones • Diarthroses (moveable) joints • Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints • Synarthroses (immovable) joints

  16. Joints • Articular cartilage • Articular capsule • Synovial membrane • Synovial fluid • Synovial cavity • Bursa sacs

  17. Diarthroses Joints • Movable joints • Ball-and-socket joints • Hinge joints • Pivot joints • Gliding joints

  18. Animation – Types of Joints Click Here to play Types of Joints animation

  19. Amphiarathroses Joints • Partially movable joints • Cartilage between their articular surfaces • Examples: • Ribs to the spine • Symphysis pubis

  20. Synarthroses Joints • Immovable joints • Connects by tough, fibrous connective tissue • Example: • Adult cranium • Cranial joints called sutures

  21. Types of Motion • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction

  22. Types of Motion • Rotation • Promation • Supination

  23. Aging • Bone mass and density decline • External surfaces of bones thicken • Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink • Center of balance is altered

  24. Aging • Joints less mobile • Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility • Fear of falling

  25. Disorders of the Bones and Joints • Fracture • Greenstick • Closed/simple • Open/compound • Comminuted

  26. Animation – Types of Fractures Click Here to play Types of Fractures animation

  27. Repairing Fractures • Closed reduction • Open reduction • Traction

  28. Bone and Joint Injuries • Dislocation • Sprain • Hammer Toe • RICE

  29. Diseases • Arthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gout • Rickets

  30. Diseases • Slipped (herniated) disc • Whiplash injury

  31. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine • Kyphosis (hunchback) • Lordosis (swayback) • Scoliosis

  32. Other Disorders • Osteoporosis • Osteomyelitis • Osteosarcoma

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