PI @ DLR: Martin Weissmann Primary objectives during typhoon period

1. DLR Contribution to the THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign T-PARCO. Reitebuch, M. WeissmannDLR Oberpaffenhofen

2. Scientific objectives and airborne payload • PI @ DLR: Martin Weissmann • Primary objectives during typhoon period • typhoon targeting and improved typhoon track prediction • investigation of extra-tropical transition of tropical cyclones and downstream impact Secondary objectives during non-typhoon period • targeting for medium-range weather forecast • water vapor transport from tropics to extra-tropics • Asian aerosol export • ridge building • diabatic Rossby waves • potential of lidar for operational future observing system • Falcon payload • 4-λ water vapor DIAL (PI: Martin Wirth, DLR) • 2-µm wind lidar (PI: Stephan Rahm, DLR) • dropsonde unit (PI Reinhold Busen, DLR); about 400 dropsondes will be deployed 4-λ DIAL, 2-µm DWL and dropsondein Falcon during COPS in summer 2007 DLR T-PARC Web-Site http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/tparc/

3. ET and downstream impacts:ECMWF EPS for Typhoon Maemi 2003 (Jones, Anwender) Pot. temp. on dynamic tropopause (shaded) – surface pressure (contours), 84 h forecast initialised 20030910-12

4. Importance of lidar observations for targeting Lower total error (including representativity) than dropsondes and radiosondes Higher observation influence OI and information content IC than dropsondes • total error • lidar 1-1.5 m/s (instrumental 0.75 - 1 m/s) • dropsonde, radiosonde 2-3 m/s • expected ADM-Aeolus HLOS 2-3 m/s • AMV 2-6 m/s 3 times higher information content than dropsondes (IC = N * OI) Weissmann, Busen, Dörnbrack, Rahm, Reitebuch (2005), JAOT Weissmann and Cardinali (2007), QJRMS

5. Forecast improvement during A-TReC 2003 D. Marbouty (ECMWF newsletter 113, 2007): "..evaluating the impact of airborne Doppler lidar observations, is particularly interesting as it supports the idea that such measurements could prove very beneficial as expected from the ESA ADM-Aeolus experiment." • Lidar observations over North Atlantic reduce forecast error by about 3 %, (dropsondes 1 %) and show clear positive impact on forecast skills for the forecast range 2-4 days • But only limited data-set of observations during 2 weeks with 28.5 flight hours (including transfer) during the Atlantic THORPEX Regional Campaign A-TReC

6. Assimilation of lidar observations of wind and water vapour Wind assimilation into ECMWF model for flight Germany-Iceland 2003 (A-TReC) Water vapour assimilation into ECMWF model for flight USA to Europe 2002 (IHOP) Koch, Weissmann, Ehrendorfer (2007), Met. Zeitschrift ongoing work by Weissmann and Holm (ECMWF)

7. Doppler lidar 20° off nadir dropsondes, u, v, t, rh, p FALCON payload for targeted wind and H2O observations DIAL first 4 wavelength water vapour DIAL worldwide l~920-945 nm, 100 Hz, > 2 W parameter: water vapour molecule number (+height of cloud tops) horiz. resolution: 2 - 40 km vert. resolution: 300 - 500 m accuracy: 5-10 % • scanning coherent 2 µm Doppler lidar: • conical scans with 24 positions • 24 LOS observations (~30/54 s) • vertical profile of 3-D wind vector horiz. resolution 5 - 40 km vert. resolution 100 m • range: 0.5-12 km • accuracy: 0.5-1 m/s + HSRL aerosol

8. Mission Objectives • Targeted • Observatios • (Upstream) Forced Convection (Map) High Pressure Convection (Flux) • Upstream: targeted measurements in upstream sensitive regions to gain additional data for assimilation • Map: mapping the pre-convective mesoscale wind and wapor fields • Flux measure vertical latent heat fluxes • 14 mission flights, 46 flight hours ”Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study” 06 July - 01 August 2007 ”Advance the quality of forecasts of orographically-induced convective precipitation by 4D observations and modeling of its life cycle” 8 km β H2O 8.5 km 35 m/s V Dir slide courtesy A. Schäfler, measurement and analysis H20 DIAL (M. Wirth), 2-µm DWL (S. Rahm)

9. DLR Falcon deployment in Japan airport base:US Naval Facility Atsugi, Japan alternative airports: Okinawa, Misawa, Iwo Jima (tbd), Korea (tbd) flight hours:onsite: up to 90 h => 25 missions with 3.5 h transfer: 30 h deployment time in Japan:24/25 August - 03 October (6 weeks, depends on available funds) transfer route: 3 days via Moscow-Surgut-Bratsk-Khabarovsk-Japan (tbc) funding institutions: Germany (DLR, FZK), US (NSF), Japan (JMA), Korea (METRI), Canada (Environment Canada), EUCOS funding level: ~ 90% DLR Falcon range from Japan max. range: 1350-1600 NM max altitude: 12.8 km (42 kft)

10. T-PARC/TCS-08 Components (from P. Harr) TY Nabi, 29 Aug – 8 Sep, 2005 Midlatitude operating region NRL P-3, FALCON Extratropical Transition (ET – recurvature), Downstream Impacts Japan, Atsugi, NAF ET characteristics, forcing of downstream impacts, tropical/midlatitude interactions, extratropical cyclogenesis Subtropical operating region Driftsonde, NRL P-3, DOTSTAR, WC-130 TC Intensification and structure change Recurvature, initiation of ET TC track characteristics, tropical/midlatitude interaction Tropical operating region Driftsonde, NRL P-3, DOTSTAR, WC-130 Okinawa, Kadena AFB Tropical Measurements Large-scale circulation, deep convection, monsoon depressions, tropical waves, TC formation Guam, Andersen AFB

11. European collaboration for T-PARC Research interests: observation targeting extratropical transition of tropical cyclones and downstream impact value of new observing systems (lidars) tropical moisture export Facilities and contributions: Falcon with 2 lidars and dropsondes (American+Asian contribution) assimilation and denial experiments (cooperation with ECMWF) EPS experiments, modelling and PV inversion, TIGGE analysis PANDOWAE research group: Predictability ANd Dynamics Of Weather Systems in the Atlantic-European Sector: DFG provided funding for scientific exploration of data for several post-docs and PhD students Institutions DLR (Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Fligth Facility) Forschungszentrum and University Karlsruhe: Sarah Jones ECMWF: Carla Cardinali, Elias Holm, Martin Leutbecher UK Met Office