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human eye, no microscope. light microscopes. hummingbirds. humans. frog eggs. 1 mm. 1 cm. 0.1 m. 1 m. 10 m. 100 m. redwoods. Do not post to Internet. light microscopes. electron microscopes. lipids. bacteriophages. most animal cells and plant cells. mitochondria, chloroplasts.

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  1. human eye, no microscope light microscopes hummingbirds humans frog eggs 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1 m 10 m 100 m redwoods Do not post to Internet

  2. light microscopes electron microscopes lipids bacteriophages most animal cells and plant cells mitochondria, chloroplasts small molecules most bacteria proteins 0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm

  3. Impacts, Issues Do not post to Internet

  4. In-text FigurePage 51 Do not post to Internet Rickettsia prowazekii

  5. Diameter (cm): 0.5 1.0 1.5 Surface area (cm2): 0.79 3.14 7.07 Volume (cm3): 0.06 0.52 1.77 Surface- to-volume ratio: 13.17:1 6.04:1 3.99:1

  6. Bacterial cell (prokaryotic) DNA cytoplasm plasma membrane

  7. Animal cell (eukaryotic) DNA in nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane

  8. Plant cell (eukaryotic) DNA in nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane

  9. Cytoskeleton

  10. Cells are Factories

  11. Nucleus: nuclear envelope nucleolus Cytoskeleton: DNA in nucleoplasm microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments rough ER mitochondrion centrioles smooth ER Golgi body plasma membrane lysosome

  12. lipid bilayer fluid fluid one layer of lipids one layer of lipids

  13. Fluid Mosaic Model

  14. adhesion protein communication protein

  15. recognition protein receptor protein passive transporter active transporters

  16. Transport Proteins

  17. Nucleus

  18. DNA infolding of plasma membrane

  19. NUCLEUS Chromatin Two membranesof nuclearenvelope Nucleolus Pore ROUGHENDOPLASMICRETICULUM Ribosomes Figure 4.6

  20. Transport vesiclebuds off 4 Ribosome Secretory(glyco-) proteininside transportvesicle Sugarchain 3 Glycoprotein 1 2 ROUGH ER Polypeptide Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • The rough ER manufactures membranes • Ribosomes on its surface produce proteins Figure 4.8

  21. SMOOTH ER ROUGHER Nuclearenvelope Ribosomes SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER Figure 4.9

  22. The Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus Golgiapparatus “Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus Transportvesiclefrom ER Newvesicleforming “Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus Transport vesiclefrom the Golgi Figure 4.10

  23. Rough ER Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes) Plasmamembrane Golgiapparatus Engulfmentof particle Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle “Food” LYSOSOMES Digestion Foodvacuole Figure 4.11B

  24. Figure 3.9a-cPage 46 pore chromatin nucleolus nuclear envelope (two lipid bilayers) cytoplasm ribosome vesicle Do not post to Internet

  25. smooth ER channel, cross-section budding vesicle plasma membrane

  26. Golgi and ER

  27. Mitochondrion repeated foldings of inner membrane (cristae) outer compartment inner compartment outer membrane inner membrane

  28. MITOCHONDRION Outermembrane Intermembranespace Innermembrane Cristae Matrix Figure 4.16

  29. Figure 3.10(2)Page 48 Do not post to Internet

  30. Plant Cell cell wall chloroplast central vacuole Nucleus: nuclear envelope nucleolus Cytoskeleton: DNA in nucleoplasm microtubules microfilaments rough ER mitochondrion plasmodesma smooth ER Golgi body plasma membrane lysosome-like vesicle

  31. Chloroplast two outer membranes stroma thylakoids

  32. THE CYTOSKELETON AND RELATED STRUCTURES • A network of protein fibers makes up the cytoskeleton Figure 4.17A

  33. Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules • Microfilaments of actin enable cells to change shape and move • Intermediate filaments reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles • Microtubules • give the cell rigidity • provide anchors for organelles • act as tracks for organelle movement

  34. Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules Tubulinsubunit Actin subunit Fibrous subunits 25 nm 7 nm 10 nm MICROFILAMENT INTERMEDIATEFILAMENT MICROTUBULE Figure 4.17B

  35. FLAGELLUM Electron micrograph of sections: Outer microtubule doublet Plasmamembrane Flagellum Centralmicrotubules Outer microtubule doublet Plasmamembrane Basal body Basal body(structurally identical to centriole) Figure 4.18A

  36. Clusters of microtubules drive the whipping action of these organelles Microtubule doublet Slidingforce Dynein arm Figure 4.18B

  37. Cell to Cell Junctions • Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets • Anchoring junctions link animal cells • Communicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell

  38. Walls of two adjacent plant cells Vacuole PLASMODESMATA Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 4.19A

  39. Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets • Anchoring junctions link animal cells • Communicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell TIGHTJUNCTION ANCHORING JUNCTION COMMUNICATING JUNCTION Plasma membranes ofadjacent cells Extracellularmatrix Figure 4.19B

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