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Development of a Web Mapping Application Using Open Source Tools and Cloud Computing Services

Develop a web mapping application to compare expected turnout to actual turnout per voting ward, prioritize get-out-the-vote efforts, assess reliability of turnout estimates, and analyze the effectiveness of campaign's efforts.

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Development of a Web Mapping Application Using Open Source Tools and Cloud Computing Services

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  1. Development of a Web Mapping Application Using Open Source Tools and Cloud Computing Services Matt Bertrand

  2. Project Goal • Compare expected turnout to actual turnout per voting ward on election day • Prioritize last-minute get-out-the vote efforts. • Assess reliability of expected turnout estimates. • Analyze effectiveness of campaign’s get-out-the vote effort.

  3. Requirements • Enter, edit, and view expected and actual votes cast per ward • Display data on a map and table simultaneously • Import and export vote data • Click a ward on the map to bring up its data for editing/viewing • Click a ward in the table to zoom in & highlight that ward on map • Refresh map as soon as data is edited

  4. Requirements • Choose between displaying expected turnout, actual turnout and expected:actual turnout ratio on the map • Automatically calculate ratio from entered data • Security: require login to the site. Two separate login accounts - one for editing, one for viewing only • Support ??? users (scalable).

  5. Components • Virtual Server Machines • Amazon Web Services • Open Source GIS tools • PostgreSQL & PostGIS • OpenLayers • GeoServer • Other Open Source Tools • Apache web server • Tomcat Java application server • PHP DataGrid

  6. Amazon Web Services • Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) • Provides resizable computing capacity • Designed to make web-scale computing easy & accessible to developers • Create and use “Amazon Machine Images” (AMI) • Virtual server machines • Many templates available • Choose your operating system (Linux, Windows) • Choose your horsepower (RAM, processor, etc).

  7. Amazon Web Services • Elastic Block Store • Persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances (AMI’s). • Ideal for databases • Easily switch an EBS from one AMI to another • Use to swap database from a small AMI to a faster, more powerful AMI

  8. PostgreSQL and PostGIS • PostgreSQL • Relational database system • PostGIS • Spatial objects for PostgreSQL • Store, query, and manipulate spatial data objects

  9. GeoServer • Open source geospatial server • Written in Java and the J2EE platform • Includes a graphical user interface for configuration • Web Mapping Service • Web Feature Service

  10. Web Map & Feature Services • Web Mapping Service (WMS) • Request: specifies the geographic layer(s) and area of interest to be processed. • Response: returns geo-registered map images (JPEG, PNG, etc), and/or layer attributes. • Web Feature Service (WFS) • Request: specifies the geographic layer(s) and feature subset of interest based on spatial and/or non-spatial queries • Response: return description and/or attributes of the specified layer features. • Also capable of updating, creating, and deleting features

  11. OpenLayers • JavaScript library for displaying map data • Provides an API (Application Programming Interface) for building web-based geographic applications. • Makes use of map “tiles” • Pre-rendered small sections of map, improves performance • Can load data from many sources: • Google Maps, Yahoo Maps, Virtual Earth • GeoServer, MapServer • Any Web Map Service or Web Feature Service

  12. PHP DataGrid • Free data-bound grid control written in PHP • View, edit, and export data • Customizable – select which database fields to display, turn editing on/off for each field, etc.

  13. Putting it all together AWS GeoServer ? OpenLayers = PostGIS Apache/ Tomcat PHPDataGrid

  14. Architectural Overview Amazon Web Services OpenLayers Tomcat

  15. AWS Scalability X-Large AMI X-Large AMI Small AMI EBS EBS Data PostGreSQL Data PostGreSQL GeoServer GeoServer Apache Apache Small AMI: 1.7 GB RAM 1 32-bit Virtual Core = 1 EC2 Compute Unit Extra Large AMI: 15 GB RAM 4 64-bit Virtual Cores = 8 EC2 Compute Units Light Load Setup Potential Heavy Load Setup

  16. AWS Setup • Register for an account • Not free - cost is based on use of AMI’s and storage • ~ $2/day for a small running AMI instance • Pick a management console • ElasticFox addon for Firefox • Amazon now provides its own online console • Manage AMI and EBS instances

  17. AWS Setup • Select and start an AMI • Operating System: Ubuntu Linux • Size: small instance (1.7 GB RAM, 160 GB drive, 1 virtual CPU equivalent to 32-bit 1.2 GHz Intel Xeon) • Log in to the AMI using SSH (secure shell) • Install and configure required software • Tomcat, Apache, Apache-Tomcat Connector, GeoServer, PostgreSQL, PostGIS, PHP

  18. AWS Setup • Create an Elastic Block Store (EBS) • 1 GB – plenty enough to hold NH ward data • Maximum size: 1 TB • Attach the EBS to the running AMI instance • Mount the EBS as a volume • Create a PostGIS database on the mounted volume

  19. Database Setup • A GIS shapefile of ward boundaries was provided by the NH campaign staff • The shapefile was imported into PostgreSQL using a built-in PostGIS command (shp2pgsql) • Added new fields (turnout_expected, turnout_actual, turnout_ratio) • Created indexes • Created a trigger to automatically calculate the ratio whenever expected or actual turnout values changed

  20. Database Setup • PostgreSQL UPDATE trigger CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION updateratio() RETURNS trigger AS IF NEW.turnout_expected > 0 THEN NEW.turnout_ratio = NEW.turnout_actual / NEW.turnout_expected; ELSE NEW.turnout_ratio = 0; END IF; RETURN NEW;

  21. GeoServer Configuration • Create a new DataStore • Stores connection information on PostgreSQL database • Create a new FeatureType • Stores information on a geographic vector feature stored in the database (projection, boundaries, fields, etc). • Create Styled Layer Descriptors • XML format for specifying how to draw features on a map

  22. SLD Rule Example <sld:Rule> <sld:Name>1.6 - 1.8</sld:Name> <sld:Title>1.6 - 1.8</sld:Title> <ogc:Filter> <ogc:PropertyIsBetween> <ogc:PropertyName>turnout_ratio</ogc:PropertyName> <ogc:LowerBoundary> <ogc:Literal>1.600001</ogc:Literal> </ogc:LowerBoundary> <ogc:UpperBoundary> <ogc:Literal>1.8</ogc:Literal> </ogc:UpperBoundary> </ogc:PropertyIsBetween> </ogc:Filter> <sld:PolygonSymbolizer> <sld:Fill> <sld:CssParameter name="fill">#FF6F00</sld:CssParameter> <sld:CssParameter name="fill-opacity">1</sld:CssParameter> </sld:Fill> <sld:Stroke> <sld:CssParameter name="stroke">#6E6E6E</sld:CssParameter> <sld:CssParameter name="stroke-width">0.4</sld:CssParameter> <sld:CssParameter name="stroke-opacity">1</sld:CssParameter> </sld:Stroke> </sld:PolygonSymbolizer> </sld:Rule>

  23. Web Page Layout • Requirement: Display map and table/grid simultaneously Main page (index.html) Map <iframe> PHP DataGrid page (gridedit.php)

  24. OpenLayers • Requirement: Display ward data on a map var wmsnh = new OpenLayers.Layer.WMS("NH Wards 4326", “http://[....]-amazon.aws.com/geoserver/wms", { layers: 'topp:nh_wards4326', styles: sld, srs: 'EPSG:4326', format: 'image/png', tiled: true, transparent: true }, { 'opacity': 0.75, 'isBaseLayer': false });

  25. OpenLayers • Requirement: Click a ward on the map to bring up its data to edit/view map.events.register('click', map, function(e) { var url = "/geoserver/wfs?request=GetFeature&version=1.0.0&typeName=topp:nh_wards4326&outputFormat=json&FILTER=%3CFilter%20xmlns=%22http://www.opengis.net/ogc%22%20xmlns:gml=%22http://www.opengis.net/gml%22%3E%3CIntersects%3E%3CPropertyName%3Ethe_geom%3C/PropertyName%3E%3Cgml:Point%20srsName=%22EPSG:4326%22%3E%3Cgml:coordinates%3E" + lonlatGCS.lon + "," + lonlatGCS.lat + "%3C/gml:coordinates%3E%3C/gml:Point%3E%3C/Intersects%3E%3C/Filter%3E"; OpenLayers.loadURL(url, '', this, getGridPage); OpenLayers.Event.stop(e); });

  26. OpenLayers • WFS Request <Filter xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/ogc" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"> <Intersects> <PropertyName>the_geom</PropertyName> <gml:Point srsName="EPSG:4326"> <gml:coordinates>-75.12, 40.25 </gml:coordinates> </gml:Point> </Intersects> </Filter>

  27. OpenLayers • JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) • GeoJSON: JSON for geographic data { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "id": "nh_wards4326.48", "properties": { "objectid": 48, "fips": 7160, "name": "Pittsburg", "twn_ward": null, "ncec_code": "3300761780", "turnout_expected": 3000, "turnout_actual": 1000, "turnout_ratio": 0.33, }, "geometry": { "type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": ………… } ] }

  28. OpenLayers • Requirement: Highlight selected feature on map • First, create a highlight style and empty vector layer var highlight_style = { strokeColor: 'Red', strokeWidth: 4, strokeOpacity: 1, fillOpacity: 0.0 }; //Add highlight vector layer for selected features hilites = new OpenLayers.Layer.Vector("Highlighted", { isBaseLayer: false, features: [], visibility: true, style: highlight_style });

  29. OpenLayers • Add the selected feature to the ‘Highlighted’ vector layer function highlightFeature(req) { var features = new OpenLayers.Format.GeoJSON(out_options).read(req.responseText); // have the Vector layer purge its feature list, replace them with the new one hilites.destroyFeatures(); hilites.addFeatures(features); hilites.setVisibility(true); }

  30. OpenLayers • Requirement:Click a ward in the table to zoom in & highlight on map function highlightFeature(req) { … if (zoomOnSelect) { bounds = features[0].geometry.getBounds(); map.zoomToExtent(bounds); }

  31. OpenLayers • Requirement: switch between maps of actual turnout, expected turnout, and turnout ratio function changeSLD(sldChosen) { saveBounds(); sld = sldChosen; init(); document.getElementById("legendImg").src = '/geoserver/wms?REQUEST=GetLegendGraphic&VERSION= 1.0.0&FORMAT=image/png&WIDTH=100&HEIGHT=20&LAYER= topp:nh_wards4326&sld=/geoserver/styles/' + sld + '.sld'; }

  32. Data Import • Requirement: Import voter turnout data from an external file into the database. • Comma-delimited text file • NCEC Code, expected turnout, actual turnout

  33. Data Import • PHP import code snippet $handle = fopen($uploadfile, "r"); while (($data = fgetcsv($handle)) !== FALSE) { $result = pg_prepare($connection, "update" . $data[0], 'UPDATE nh_wards SET turnout_expected = $2, turnout_actual=$3 WHERE ncec_code = $1'); $result = pg_execute($connection, "update" . $data[0], array($data[0],$data[1],$data[2])); } } fclose($handle);

  34. Security • Requirement: Login with password to enter site • Two login roles – edit and view • Logins and passwords stored in ‘users’ table in database • PHP code used to validate user input against database values • User forwarded to either data edit page or view page depending on login role.

  35. Final Step • Bundle the AMI • Saves current AMI setup as a new template • New AMI’s based on this template will be identical with all software installed and configured. • Avoid having to reinstall PostgreSQL, Geoserver, etc. all over again whenever a new instance is created.

  36. Development Cost & Effort • Cost: $110.41 • Amazon EC2 instance: $110.15 • Amazon EBS storage: $0.26 • Time: 4 weeks • ~ 100 hours total • Energy:

  37. Resources • Amazon Web Services – aws.amazon.com • GeoServer – geoserver.org • OpenLayers – openlayers.org • PostGIS - postgis.refractions.net • PostgreSQL – postgresql.org • Demo – openwebmap.com/votemap

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