Exploring World Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

1. Religion is a cultural system of behaviors and practices, world views, sacred texts, holy places, ethics, and societal organization that relate humanity to an order of existence

4. Numbers • Christianity: 1.9 billion people • Islam: 1.1 billion • Hinduism: 800 million • Buddhism: 325 million • Judaism: 13 million

6. Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest religions, with its leading characteristics such as messianism, heaven and hell, and free will influencing other religious systems, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

7. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text and considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel

8. The Jewish place of worship is called a Synagogue • The religious leader of a Jewish community is called a Rabbi • Unlike leaders in many other faiths, a rabbi is not a priest and has no special religious status • The Jewish holy day, or Sabbath(Shabbat), starts at sunset on Friday and continues until sunset on Saturday • During the Sabbath, Jews do not work(drive, cook, etc)

9. Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament

10. Christianity • Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ • Originated in Palestine in the 1st century AD • Believe that Jesus was the son of God who came and died for people’s sins and then rose so that all people could be saved • Believe in one God(monotheistic) who created the universe and all things in it • Christianity originally developed as a part of Judaism

11. Islam is the religion articulated by the Quran, a textconsidered by its adherents to be the word ofGod (Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example Muhammad. It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population,known as Muslims

12. Ten Commandments

13. Important Days • Ash Wednesday-Lent • Palm Sunday • Maundy Thursday • Good Friday • Easter • Ascension • Pentecost • Advent • Christmas • Epiphany

16. Judaism • Is a monotheistic religion • Judaism is the oldest and smallest of the world's five great religions • Being a part of a Jewish community and living one's life according to Jewish law and traditions is very important. • The fundamental beliefs of Judaism are: -There is a single, all-powerful God, who created the universe and everything in it. -God has a special relationship with the Jewish people due to covenant that God made with Moses on Mount Sinai, 3500 years ago.

17. Rambam’s 13 Principles of Faith • G-d exists • G-d is one and unique • G-d is incorporeal • G-d is eternal • Prayer is to be directed to G-d alone and to no other • The words of the prophets are true • Moses’ prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets • The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah were given to Moses • There will be no other Torah • G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of men • G-d will reward the good and punish the wicked • The Messiah will come • The dead will be resurrected

18. 613 Mitzvot • Judaism 101: List of the 613 Mitzvot

19. 7 Holy Days • Rosh Hashanah-Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur-A day of fasting and praying which occurs 10 days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah. The holiest day in the year • Sukkot-8 day festival of thanksgiving • Hanukkah-The Feast of Lights is an 8 day Feast of Dedication. It recalls the war fought by the Maccabees in the cause of religious freedom 

20. Purim-The Feast of Lots recalls the defeat by Queen Esther of the plan to slaughter all of the Persian Jews, circa 400 BC • Pesa(Passover)-The 8 day festival recalls the exodus of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt circa 1300 BCE. A holiday meal, the Seder, is held at home • Shavouth-Pentecost recalls God's revelation of the Torah to the Jewish people

21. Menorah-It is a symbol of the nation of Israel and a mission to be "a light unto the nations.

22. A Yarmulke is worn during prayer to shoe respect to G_d

23. The Star of David is the international symbol of Judaism • Flag of Israel has it

24. Kosher Foods • Foods are kosher when they meet all criteria that Jewish law applies to food • Characteristics that make a food non-kosher: • the mixture of meat and milk • the use of cooking utensils which had previously been used for non-kosher food • The type of animal it is

25. Leviticus 11:3 says that Jews may eat all animals that have cloven hooves and chew their cud • Leviticus 11:4 explicitly prohibited the consumption of animals that do not have these characteristics designating them "unclean to you." • Six mammals are specifically not allowed: • The camel • The hyrax • The hare • The pig • Whales and dolphins

26. Kosher animals are as follows: • Cows, goats, sheep, antelope, deer, giraffes, okapis and pronghorns • Most fish(excluding shellfish, sharks, octupus, eels and squid) • Chicken, duck, turkey • Milk and cheese are kosher but cannot be eaten with meat or mixed with meat. • Preparation • the slaughter of animals is designed to minimize the pain—usually done by a slice across the throat • this eliminates the practice of hunting for food unless it can be captured alive and ritually slaughtered. • All blood and veins must be removed from meat(salting and broiling are common methods)

27. Islam • Islam is the world's second most followed religion • It began around 1400 years ago in Arabia, but swiftly become a world faith, and now has around 1.2 billion people • "Islam" is an Arabic word which means “surrendering oneself to the will of God” • One will achieve peace and security by doing so • A person surrenders to the will of Allah by living and thinking in the way Allah has instructed. • Islam is more than a system of beliefs. The faith provides a social and legal system and governs things like family life, law and order, ethics, dress, and cleanliness, as well as religious ritual and observance—Islamic Republic

28. Where is Islam practiced? • The countries with the largest Islamic populations are not in the Middle East as most would think • The largest are Indonesia (170 million), Pakistan (136 million), Bangladesh (105 million), and India (103 million) • Islam's three holiest places, the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, are all in the Middle East

29. The present form of Islam began in Arabia in 622 AD • It is based on the ministry of a man named Muhammad and on the words that Allah gave to the world through him • Muhammad did not found Islam. Islam was created by Allah at the beginning of time, and in fact Muslims regard Adam as the first Muslim • Muhammad was the final messenger through whom Allah revealed the faith to the world • There had been earlier messengers, among them Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus.

32. 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada(witness) is the Muslim profession of faith - "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah" • Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning and just before they go to sleep at night

33. 2. Salat(daily prayer) is aprayer ritual performed 5 times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10 • Between first light and sunrise • After the sun has passed the middle of the sky • Between mid-afternoon and sunset • Between sunset and the last light of the day • Between darkness and dawn

34. 3. Sawm(fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan • Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived. • Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when Muhammad had the Qur-an revealed to him • Sawm is usually described as fasting, but it actually involves abstaining from all bodily pleasures between dawn and sunset • Not only is food forbidden, but also things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts and sexual activity

35. 4. Zakat(almsgiving) is giving alms to the poor • This is a compulsory gift of 2.5 % of one's savings each year • Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the love of money • It reminds them that everything they have really belongs to God.

36. 4. Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially able Muslims should make at least once in their life • Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims • Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12th month of the Islamic Lunar calendar • They circle the Kaaba seven times on three occasions, say prayers, drink from a holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at three pillars(to fight Satan’s temptations), shave hair, run seven times between some hills

37. The KaabaKaaba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

42. Other Info • The Qur’an is the Islamic holy book • The Qur'an is the actual word of God, and contains the fundamental beliefs of Islam • Mecca, Medina and Jerusulem are holy cities • According to tradition, the Qur'an was dictated to Muhammad • Two major sects • Sunni-920 million people(everywhere else) • Shiite-120 million people(Iran) • Comparing the Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam

43. Islamic Law • The Sharia outlines all of the laws(comes from the Koran) • 5 Major Crimes: • theft, highway robbery, intoxication, adultery and falsely accusing another of adultery • Sharia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

44. Food Laws • Very similar laws to the Jewish kosher foods • No alcohol, pork, blood, no pork fat products, scavenger animals • Food must be prepared similarly to the Jews • Slice to the jugular • Drain blood

45. 1) Christianity2) Islam3) Hinduism4) Buddhism5) Shenism6) Taoism7) Shinto8) Falun Gong9) Sikhism10) Judaism

46. Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world, and scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder

47. Hinduism • Hinduism includes a very wide range of beliefs and practices, so there aren't many things that are common to all Hindu groups • Hinduism has no founder, no single book of faith, no creed, and no single source of authority • Hinduism is very individualistic but a big part of a person’s everyday life • There are 750 million Hindus in the world, mostly in India

48. Śruti is Sanskrit for "that which is heard" and refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient religious texts comprising the central canon of Hinduism Smriti, literally "that which is remembered," refers to a body of Hindu texts considered fluid and freely rewritten by anyone in ancient and medieval Hindu tradition

49. For many Hindus, religion is a matter of practice rather than of beliefs. It's more what you do than what you believe. • Behind Hindu practice is the belief that every soul is trapped in a cycle of birth-death-rebirth(reincarnation). Every Hindu wants to escape from this cycle. • Hindus aim to live in a way that will cause each of their lives to be better than the life before. • Whether one is reborn into a better life, a worse life, or even to live as an animal, depends on Karma, which is the value of a soul's good and bad deeds.

50. Buddhism is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages