Diseases Caused By Protein Damage

1. Diseases Caused By Protein Damage By: Abenezer Abraham

2. 3 Diseases • -Parkinson’s Disease • -Lou Gehrig’s Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease

3. Parkinson’s Disease

4. Parkinson’s Disease • 2 Steps • & • 2 enzymes

5. 1st Step and 1st Enzyme • 1st Step • -L-tyrosine + THFA +O2 + Fe2+ L-dopa + DHFA + H20 + Fe2+ • Enzyme: • Tyrosine-3-Monooxygenase

6. 2nd Step and 2nd Enzyme • 2nd Step • L-dopa + pyridoxalphosphateDopamine +pyridoxal phosphate + CO2 • Enzyme: • DopaCarboxylase

7. Parkinson’s Treatment

8. Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)

9. Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)

10. TDP-43 Protein

11. TDP-43 (Location, Location,Location) • -Normally located in the Nucleus • -Involved in regulating DNA translation into RNA and transcription of RNA to proteins. • -However…

12. Alzheimer’s Disease

13. Two Hypotheses • Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis • -Neuronal Cytoskeletal Degeneration Hypothesis

14. Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis -Abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein leads to a series of events that result in Alzheimer’s. -Beta Amyloid Plaques

15. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Degeneration Hypothesis • -Proposes that cytoskeletal problems are the main cause of Alzheimer’s. • -Tau Proteins

16. Tau Proteins • -Aid in regulating Microtubule construction • -Also interact with Actin filaments • -Hyperphosphorylation

17. Tau Proteins

18. Beta Amyloid Plaques • Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage (APP) • -Involves 3 Enzymes • -Beta, Alpha, and Gamma Secretase enzymes

19. 3 Enzymes • -The Beta Secretase produces CT99

20. Alpha Secretase • The Alpha Secretase produces CT83

21. Gamma Secretase The Gamma Secretase forms Beta Amyloid 40 (Major) and the Beta Amyloid 42 (minor) *The Beta Amyloid 42 forms amyloid plaque

22. The Problem • -Mutations near the Beta and Gamma Secretasecleavage sites result in increased production of Beta Amyloid 42 which results in increased Amount of plaques surrounding the neuron

23. There’s Still Work to Be Done • -While there is much that is yet to be understood about the exact details of the damage done to this proteins, much research is still being done to ultimately prevent these diseases.