Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010

Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010 Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita in constant 2000 US $; size of bubble in panel b is proportional to population size in 1980; information for 143 countries depicted, 131 with 1980-2010 information plus 12 countries above 10 million people in 1980 with different time frame (as long as possible); together these countries account for 96 percent of the world population in 1980.

Figure 14.2 Total factor productivity index; 1989 = 100, 1989-2011 Source: author’s calculations based on Conference Board Total Economy Database

Figure 14.3 Changes in US real income; working adults, by education, 1991-2010 Bachelor’s degree 20 Advanced degree 15 Less than high school 10 High school 5 Some college 0 1994 2002 2004 1996 1998 2000 2010 2006 1992 2008 -5 Source: based on Haskel et al. (2012); cumulative percentage changes relative to 1991 in mean real money earnings for working adults (aged 25 and above) by educational cohort in terms of the highest level of education attained (adjusted for price inflation and smoothed to three-year averages)

Figure 14.4 Worker’s remittances received; per cent of GDP, 2010 Source: based on data from World Development Indicators online; worker’s remittances and compensation of employees received (% of GDP), based on 155 countries

Figure 14.5Labour reallocation between Home and Foreign

Figure 14.6 Number of poor people in the developing world, 1981-2008 Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; the developing world consists of developing countries in EAP, ECA, LAC, MENA, SSA, and SA, see the main text.

Figure 14.7 Poverty headcount ratio at $ 1.25 a day (PPP), % of population, 1981-2008 Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; see the main text for regional abbreviations EAP, ECA, LAC, MENA, SSA, and SA

Figure 14.8 Global income distribution, 1970 and 2006 density a. 1970 poverty line 60,000 World 40,000 EA 20,000 SA OECD SSA 0 $50 $500 $5,000 $50,000 Income level; constant 2000 international $, log scale Source: based on Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); the poverty line corresponds to $312 a year, or $1 a day in 2006 prices; see the main text for abbreviations; note: not all regions are identified in the figures

Figure 14.8 Global income distribution, 1970 and 2006 density b. 2006 poverty line 120,000 World 80,000 40,000 EA SA OECD SSA 0 $50 $500 $5,000 $50,000 Income level; constant 2000 international $, log scale Source: based on Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); the poverty line corresponds to $312 a year, or $1 a day in 2006 prices; see the main text for abbreviations; note: not all regions are identified in the figures Note for publisher: make sure the scales line up correctly horizontally for panels a and b

Figure 14.9 The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient 1 Gini coefficient = A/(A+B) diagonal cumulative income A Lorenz curve B 0 0 cumulative population 1

Figure 14.10 Income inequality; Gini coefficient, selected countries, 1981-2010 Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; minimum is 19.4 for Czech Republic in 1988; maximum is 74.3 for Namibia in 1993

Figure 14.11 Global income inequality; Gini coefficient, 1970-2006 Source: based on data from Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); note: scale does not start at zero

Figure 14.12 Income inequality decomposition; across and within countries, 1970-2000 Source: based on data from Sala-i-Martin (2006).

Figure 14.13 Development and income inequality, some historical examples Source: based on World Bank (2009).

Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010