Grammar #3 Notes on Coordinating Conjunctions

1. Grammar #3Notes on Coordinating Conjunctions AP English Language and Composition

2. Why do I have to do this? • Many of you had essays that were FULL of conjunction errors—these make your essays confusing to read. • Standard: WOC 1.1 Demonstrate control of grammar, diction, and paragraph and sentence structure and an understanding of English usage. • ESLR: Reflective Communicators • Objective: Write your essays using proper punctuation for compound and complex sentences.

3. Remember the Coordinating Conjunctions Remember FANBOYS: • F= for • A=and • N=nor • B=but • O=or • Y=yet • S=so

4. “And” joins two similar ideas together. • To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: • “Adrienne sent in her applications, and she waited by the phone for a response." • To suggest that one idea is the result of another: • "Willie heard the weather report , and he promptly boarded up his house." • To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): • "Hartford is a rich city, and he suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." • To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): • "Use your credit cards frequently, and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt." • To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: • "Charlie became addicted to gambling, and that surprised no one who knew him."

5. “But” joins two contrasting ideas. • To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: • Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably. • To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): • The club never invested foolishly, butit used the services of a sage investment counselor. • To suggest an exception: • We all wanted to go to In-n-Out, Lauren insisted on Taco Bell.

6. “Or” shows two alternative ideas. • To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: • You can study hard for this exam, or you can fail. • To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: • We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers. • To suggest a refinement of the first clause: • Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae. • To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: • There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us.

7. The Simpler Definitions • So- shows that the second idea is the result of the first idea: • We forgot to close the windows, so the house was really hot that evening. • Yet-functions to contrast ideas like “but” with an element of distinction in it’s clause: • It was raining outside, yet they continued to play golf. • Nor-joins two negative alternatives: • That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. • For-shows the reason for the preceding clause (and considered very literary, snobbish, formal and/or “highfalutin”- use sparingly!): • Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

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