Identifying Criminals History

1. Identifying Criminals History - a short one

2. Early Criminal Characteristics Ideas How an individual’s physical characteristics were used to predict criminal behavior

3. Phrenology • Proposed by Dr. Franz Gall in 1796 • Said a person’s qualities & abilities are traced to a part of the brain • Thinking changed shape of the skull (bumps) • Is not true

4. Cesare Lombroso • Italian psychiatrist in the mid-19th century • Studied 7000 criminals to prove criminal types could be I.D. by physical characteristics • E.g.: • Swindlers and bandits larger-than-normal heads • Thieves & highwaymen had thick hair & beards • Never proved his ideas but invented many instruments to try

5. Anthropometry“Man Measurement” • Proposed in 1883 by Alphonse Bertillon • Concluded no two human beings have the same measurements • Developed method of identifying criminals by their measurements • Bertillonage was adapted as a system of I.D. by France • Was replaced by fingerprinting • Responsible for the precursor of the “mug-shot”

6. Fingerprinting History

7. William Herschel • Administrative clerk in India • Used fingerprints to ID claimants • Recognized patterns did not change with age

8. Dr. Henry Faulds • Scottish physiologist • Credited w/ 1st documented crime solved by fingerprint comparison (Tokyo) • ID’d thief from print left @ scene

9. Sir Francis Galton • 1892 - publishes Finger Prints • Discusses anatomy of fingerprints & suggests method for recording them

10. Juan Vucetich • 1892 - claimed the 1st official criminal ID using fingerprints to solve a crime • Children of a women named Rojas were murdered • Blamed a neighbor • Bloody fingerpint found at the scene (doorpost) • Turned out to be her right thumb • She confessed

11. Sir Edward Henry • Used Galton’s work to develop a fingerprint identification system • His system & Vucetich form the basis of all modern ten-finger fingerprint ID systems • The basic Henry System, w/ modifications & extensions is utilized by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies in the US

12. 1903- Will West v. William West • Showed the fallibility of 3 separate ID systems • Personal ID-photographs • Bertillion System - Body part Measurements • Names

13. Process Used to Analyze PrintsACE-V A – Analysis qualitative & quantitative assessment of details including pattern, minutia, & presence of scars, breaks, pores, etc. C – Comparison comparison of attributes from analysis between 2 fingerprints

14. ACE-V cont. E – Evaluation decision of 1 of the following: • Match (individualization) • Non-match • Insufficient data V – Verification independent ACE steps by a 2nd qualified analyst

15. The 3 Main Patterns of Prints Arch- 5% Loop- 60% Whorl- 35%

16. Plain Arch • Ridges enter from 1 side of the print • Rise or wave in center • Flow or tend to flow out the opposite side

17. Tented Arch • Posseses either an angle, upward thrust or 2 of 3 basic loop characteristics

18. Loop Patterns • 1 or more ridges enter from either side, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta & core and pass out or tend to pass out the same side the ridges entered • 3 basic characteristics: • Sufficient recurve • Delta • Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge

19. Ulnar Loop (Right hand) • Loops flow toward the little finger of the hand • Ulna Bone • The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

20. Radial Loop (Right Hand) • Loops flow toward the thumb • Radial bone • The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

21. Whorls • The following characteristics are the MINIMUM required for a print to be classified a whorl pattern: • 2 deltas and a recurve in front of each delta • It can be a pattern spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle

22. Plain Whorl • 1 or more ridges that make or tend to make a complete circuit, w/ 2 deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched Deltas

23. Central pocket whorl • Consists of at least 1 recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow w/ 2 deltas between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched Deltas

24. Double loop whorl • Consists of 2 separate loop formations, w/ 2 separate and distinct sets of shoulders and deltas

25. Accidental Whorl • Consist of a combination of 2 different types of patterns w/ the exception of the plain arch, w/ 2 or more deltas or a pattern that possesses some of the requirements for 2 or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions

26. 2nd Level of Print Identification

27. Minutiae (a.k.a. Ridge characteristics) • Bifurcation • Island • Enclosure • Short ridge

28. Minutiae cont. • Ridge ending/Abrupt ending • Bridge • Trifurcation

29. Scars Pores Line Shape 3rd level of identification Creases

30. Wart Temporary marks

31. IAFIS • Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification Service • Maintained by FBI • Only allowed so many entrees per day • Contains over 47 million criminals’ prints • Computers use algorithms • Some reduce image to specific points or minutia • Some divide print into cells & retain info about general pattern of ridges (e.g. direction of ridges in cell)