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Transportation Vehicles & Society

Transportation Vehicles & Society. Pre-1600 Primitive transport 1600-1800 Rise of the horse 1800-1900 Rail, steam, electricity 1900-1950 Rise of the automobile 1950-present Freeways, containers & air. Major themes Time Economics Accessibility. Overview .

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Transportation Vehicles & Society

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  1. Transportation Vehicles & Society

  2. Pre-1600 Primitive transport 1600-1800 Rise of the horse 1800-1900 Rail, steam, electricity 1900-1950 Rise of the automobile 1950-present Freeways, containers & air Major themes Time Economics Accessibility Overview

  3. Pre-1600: Primitive Transport • Primary modes of transport • Foot • Cart • Horse • Pre-industrial cities • Few open spaces • Inverse class segregation from today

  4. Firenze, Italy

  5. 1600 – 1800: Rise of the Horse • Additional transport modes: • Carriage • Wagon • Major issues • More mobility • More safety issues • More pollution

  6. Major Events 1603 Wooden rails used in coal mines 1605 Hackney carriage introduced in England 1625 First street paving in North America 1670 Tempered steel springs for coaches 1690 Rim brakes for coaches 1699 Parkway introduced in Virginia 1712 First steam engine 1767 First iron rails in use 1769 Iron hoop tire developed 1800 Canada requires convicted drunks to work on roads

  7. Intracity Transport • Horse power dominates • Charging for rides • Hackney coaches (hacks) • Cabriolet (cab) and hansom carriages • Omnibus (1820s) • Expensive: $0.25/mile

  8. Omnibus on North Beach Peninsula, WA (ca. 1892) Frank La Roche Photograph Collection UW Digital Collections

  9. Greenlake Ave. N & 85th St. N

  10. 1600 – 1800: State of Transport

  11. 1800 – 1900: Rail, Steam & Electricity • Additional transport modes: • Steam powered vehicles • Cable cars • Electric trolley • Major issues • Steam power • Safety (higher speeds, steam power) • Suburbanization

  12. Major Events 1804 Elliptical springs invented 1807 First horse-drawn passenger railway 1814 First steam powered ferry 1815 First steerable bicycle 1825 First steam railway for passengers 1839 Goodyear vulcanizes rubber 1852 First trolley with flush rails 1862 First practical IC powered vehicle 1872 Cable car system invented 1879 Electric trolley invented 1888 Pneumatic tire 1891 First IC truck 1896 First car accident in the U.S.

  13. The “Pull” of Rail From M.G. Lay, Ways of the World (1992)

  14. Focus: Pavements Seattle Photograph Collection, UW Digital Collections

  15. Dirt Road Olympic Peninsula (ca. 1924) Washington Localities Collection, UW Digital Collections

  16. Muddy Dirt Road County Road near Index, WA (1911) UW Digital Collections

  17. Cobblestone Road E Republican St., Seattle

  18. Macadam

  19. Plank Road Front St., Port Angeles (1914) Asahel Curtis Photo Company Collection, UW Digital Collections

  20. Woodblock Paving Macquarie St., Sydney, Australia (1925) From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)

  21. Brick Road James St. from 4th Ave., Seattle (ca. 1922) Seattle Photograph Collection, UW Digital Collections

  22. Woodblock Paving Overlaid with Hot Mix Asphalt Park St., Sydney, Australia (1929) From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)

  23. Warrenite Pavement Bothell Rd. (1912) Industries and Occupations Photographs, UW Digital Collections

  24. Warrenite Pavement Bothell Rd. (1912) Industries and Occupations Photographs, UW Digital Collections

  25. Types of Pavement in Major U.S. Cities From Clay McShane, Down the Asphalt Path, the Automobile and the American City (1994)

  26. Steam Vehicles • First tried on vehicles in 1830s • Many cities prohibited due to high speeds and boiler explosion fears • Relegated to separate ROW for safety • Gave rise to Elevated (“Els”) in 1860s • Steam vehicles associated with rail in U.S. • Commuter rail (1830s – 1900s) • Creates “suburbs” around rail lines • Grooved rail

  27. De Dion-Bouton Steam Car (ca. 1890)

  28. Ally “L” on Indiana Ave. stop Chicago (n.d.) From Discover Live Steam (www.discoverlivesteam.com)

  29. Photo from Brian Doberstein, photos.abberation.org

  30. Horse Drawn Trolley 1st Ave. and James St. (1884) Seattle Photograph Collection UW Digital Collections

  31. Focus: the Trouble with Horses • Lots of horses • 1 per 23 people (in large cities) • Teamsters  328% (1870 – 1900) • Filthy • NYC sanitation removed 15,000 carcasses annually in the 1880s • Each horse dropped 10 – 20 lbs of manure daily • NYC manure 800,000 to 1,300,000 lbs daily (150,000 tons annually) • NYC Central Park stable had a 30,000 ft3 pile of manure next to it

  32. Focus: the Trouble with Horses • Unhealthy • Tuberculosis (TB) leading cause of death in the 1890s • TB death rate  as number of autos  (probable correlation with horse filth/dust) • Expensive • $1,200 for a tandem in 1850 • Freight costs: • Chicago to NYC = $7.50/ton (railroads) • NYC local delivery = $5.00/ton (horse power) • Dangerous • Traffic fatalities were higher for wagons and carriages than for streetcars

  33. Block Boys and Horse Manure Pitt St., Sydney, Australia (n.d.) From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)

  34. From Clay McShane’s Down the Asphalt Path, The Automobile and the American City (1994)

  35. Cable Car on Viaduct in front of Power House Near Yesler Wy. (ca. 1910) Asahel Curtis Photo Company Collection UW Digital Collections

  36. Electric Trolley Seattle Consolidated Street Railway Co., Green Lake Line (1891) Seattle Photograph Collection UW Digital Collections

  37. Contemporary Electric Trolley King County Metro (2005)

  38. Trolley Track Ties University Ave. (2002)

  39. 1800-1900: State of Transport

  40. 1900 – 1950: Rise of the Automobile • Additional transport modes: • Internal combustion automobile • Major issues • Affordability • Independence

  41. Major Events 1902 First mass-produced car (Oldsmobile) 1903 First flight 1906 First gas station opened 1908 Model T Ford begins production 1911 Electric starters begin common use 1912 Fist pneumatic truck tire 1914 Fist scheduled air transport (St. Petersburg-Tampa) 1920 Motor vehicles = horse-drawn vehicles in U.S. 1921 Autostrada construction begins (Italy) 1922 Pneumatic tire begins common use 1929 Autobahn construction begins (Germany) 1932 First drive-in movie 1944 Interstate highway system first recommended

  42. Major Issues Shaping the Auto • Low population densities • Pavements • Prejudice against fast vehicles wanes • Unresponsiveness & monopolistic trolleys • Influence of the bicycle • Social demand • New middle class status symbol • Allows for suburban living • Pollution

  43. Development of the American Car

  44. Cost (Model T) Model T’s Sold per Year

  45. Values Associated with Autos • Independence • Freedom • Status • Liberation • Strength • Reliability • Conquest • Romance

  46. 1914 Ford Model T 1919 Ford Touring Sedan

  47. 1929 Packard Phaeton 1920 Studebaker Six Touring

  48. 1929 Fisher Body 1929 Dodge Brothers Brougham

  49. 1939 Studebaker 1946 Ford Convertible

  50. 1947 Studebaker

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