Chapter 6 Early India

1. Chapter 6 Early India

2. Early India Chapter Introduction Section 1 India’s First Civilizations Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism Section 3 India’s First Empires Reading Review Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

3. Early India Chapter Objectives • Describe how climate and geography affected India, and how the Aryans changed India. • Summarize the main tenets of Hinduism and Buddhism. • Discuss the effects of the Mauryan and Gupta empires on India.

4. Early India Click the speaker button to play the audio.

6. India’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes how geography and climate affected the Harappans and the changes to India’s civilization following the arrival of the Aryans.

7. India’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilization. • The Aryans conquered India and introduced new ideas and technology.  • The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians into groups.

8. India’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places • Himalaya (HIH·muh·LAY·uh)  • Ganges River (GAN·JEEZ) • Indus River (IHN·duhs)  • Harappa (huh·RA·puh)  • Mohenjo-Daro (moh·HEHN·joh DAHR·oh)

9. India’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Meeting People • Aryans (AR·ee·uhnz)  • Brahmans (BRAH·muhns)  Building Your Vocabulary • subcontinent (SUHB·KAHN·tuhn·uhnt)  • monsoon (mahn·SOON)  • Sanskrit (SAN·SKRIHT)

10. India’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary (cont.) • raja (RAH·juh)  • caste (KAST)  • guru (GUR·oo)  Reading Strategy Organizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 194 of your textbook showing how the Aryans changed India.

11. India’s First Civilizations The Land of India • India is a subcontinent because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world. • The Indian subcontinent contains five nations: India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.  • India has two fertile river valleys created by the Ganges River and the Indus River. (pages 195–197)

12. India’s First Civilizations The Land of India (cont.) • A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer. • Monsoons bring rain in summer.  • The first civilization in India arose near the Indus River after the river flooded and left fertile soil behind.  • This civilization started about 3000 B.C. and lasted until about 1500 B.C. (pages 195–197)

13. India’s First Civilizations The Land of India (cont.) • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were large, well-planned cities in ancient India. • The cities had wells, drains for wastewater, garbage chutes, and organized governments.  • The houses were made from baked mud bricks.  • Most people were farmers.  • They grew wheat, barley, peas, and cotton. (pages 195–197)

14. India’s First Civilizations The Land of India (cont.) • City dwellers were artisans, who made jewelry, pottery, tools, and cloth.  • The Harappans traded their goods with people from other lands. (pages 195–197)

15. India’s First Civilizations Why do archaeologists think the Harappans were peaceful people? Scientists have found few weapons in the ruins of Harappa. This implies that the people were not warriors.

16. India’s First Civilizations The Aryans Invade • The Aryans were hunters who also raised and herded cattle.  • Because they herded animals, Aryans were also nomads and expert warriors. • They had metal-tipped spears and wooden chariots. • The Aryans invaded Harappan civilization and destroyed it. (pages 198–199)

17. India’s First Civilizations The Aryans Invade (cont.) • They later conquered all of the Indian subcontinent except the southern tip of India.  • After conquering India, the Aryans became farmers but continued to raise cattle. • The cattle were so important, the Aryans eventually declared them sacred. (pages 198–199)

18. India’s First Civilizations The Aryans Invade (cont.) • The Aryans invented an iron plow and built canals to improve farming.  • The Aryans’ written language is called Sanskrit. • Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince. (pages 198–199)

19. India’s First Civilizations Why were nomads good warriors? Because nomads traveled, they often met up with other people whom they considered enemies. They also came upon villages they needed to plunder for food.

20. India’s First Civilizations Society in Ancient India • A caste is a social group that someone is born into and cannot change.  • The Aryans believed in four levels of society. • The top level included priests and warriors. • The next level was common people, such as merchants and farmers. (pages 199–201)

21. India’s First Civilizations Society in Ancient India (cont.) • The third level included laborers and servants.  • The lowest level was made up of the Untouchables.  • These people did work others did not want to do. (pages 199–201)

22. India’s First Civilizations Society in Ancient India (cont.) • Men’s lives were considered more important than women’s lives.  • In most cases, only men could inherit property.  • Only men were allowed to go to school or become priests. • Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not allowed. (pages 199–201)

23. India’s First Civilizations Under the caste system in India, what aspects of life are affected by a person’s caste? A person’s caste affects what job they will have, who they can marry, and who they can socialize with.

24. India’s First Civilizations Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with wide main streets and a wall around each neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each city had public wells, a sewage system, and garbage disposal.

25. India’s First Civilizations Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers? They cause soil-enriching floods.

26. India’s First Civilizations Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of Harappan civilization? earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its course, and the Aryan invasions

27. India’s First Civilizations Contrast How did the Aryan and Harappan lifestyles differ? Harappans were city-dwellers; Aryans were war-like nomads.

28. India’s First Civilizations Explain How did the Aryans control the people they conquered? Possible answers: strong military, effects of caste system

29. India’s First Civilizations Descriptive Writing Write a description of the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro that could have been used to attract residents to that city in ancient India. Answers should demonstrate understanding of the text.

30. India’s First Civilizations Discuss the influence of geographic factors on the Harappans and the Aryans.

32. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read Section Overview The religion of Hinduism is based on the beliefs of the Aryans. Buddhism, a new religion, was popular with many people in India and other areas of Asia.

33. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans.  • A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in India and other parts of Asia.

34. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places • Nepal (nuh·PAWL)  • Tibet (tuh·BEHT)  Meeting People • Siddhartha Gautama (sih·DAHR·tuh GOW·tuh·muh)  • Dalai Lama (DAH·LY LAH·muh)

35. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary • Hinduism (HIHN·doo·IH·zuhm)  • Brahman (BRAH·muhn)  • reincarnation (REE·ihn·kahr·NAY·shuhn)  • dharma (DAHR·muh)  • karma (KAHR·muh)  • Buddhism (BOO·DIH·zuhm)  • nirvana (nihr·VAH·nuh)  • theocracy (thee·AH·kruh·see)

36. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Create a web diagram like the one on page 202 of your textbook. In the ovals, identify major beliefs of Hinduism.

37. Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism • Hinduism, the world’s third largest religion, is one of the oldest religions.  • Hinduism’s roots are in the Aryan religion, which changed after borrowing ideas from conquered people of India.  • The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses. (pages 203–204)

38. Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism (cont.) • The Upanishads are ancient religious writings that describe the search for Brahman.  • Reincarnation is the idea of passing through many lives to reach the Brahman.  • Dharma is the divine law of Hindus. (pages 203–204)

39. Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism (cont.) • This law states that Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.  • The consequences of how a person lives is called karma. (pages 203–204)

40. Hinduism and Buddhism According to Hindus, what are the consequences of a good and a bad life? Hindus believe if a person lives a good life, then that person might be reborn into a higher caste. If the person lives a bad life, then the person might be reborn in a lower caste.

41. Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism • Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the man who became known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”  • Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel. • In his travels, he saw much suffering and questioned the need for suffering. (pages 205–208)

42. Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism (cont.) • Legend tells he meditated under a tree for 49 days, and then he understood.  • For the rest of his life, Siddhartha traveled to tell people about his discovery. • Nirvana, a state of wisdom, occurs when a person gives up all desires. (pages 205–208)

43. Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism (cont.) • The core of Buddha’s teaching is called the Four Noble Truths.  • The Eightfold Path describes the steps to eliminate suffering. • Buddhism divided into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. • Theravada Buddhists believe the Buddha was a great teacher, not a god. (pages 205–208)

44. Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism (cont.) • Mahayana Buddhists believe the Buddha was a god who came to save people.  • Tibet is a country in central Asia where Mahayana Buddhism mixed with traditional Tibetan religion and Hinduism to create a special kind of Mahayana Buddhism. • In Tibet, religious leaders, called lamas, headed the government. (pages 205–208)

45. Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism (cont.) • The Dalai Lama was the government leader, and the Panchen Lama was the religious leader.  • A theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders head the government. (pages 205–208)

46. Ajanta Caves https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDQHw7da7Vw The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650 CE. The caves include paintings and sculptures described by the government Archaeological Survey of India as "the finest surviving examples of Indian art, particularly painting", which are masterpieces of Buddhist religious art, with figures of the Buddha and depictions of the Jataka tales. The caves were built in two phases starting around the 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 400–650 CE according to older accounts, or all in a brief period of 460 to 480 according to the recent proposals of Walter M. Spink. The site is a protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since 1983.

47. Hinduism and Buddhism Why was Buddhism popular with people of lower castes? The Buddha taught that a person’s life depended on the person, not the caste into which the person was born. He believed that a person could stop being reborn by following the Eightfold Path. This gave lower caste people hope.

48. Hinduism and Buddhism What are the Upanishads? The Upanishads are ancient religious writings that describe the search for a universal spirit.

49. Hinduism and Buddhism What is reincarnation? Reincarnation is a religious belief that a soul is reborn many times.

50. Hinduism and Buddhism Describe Explain the concept of karma. Karma is the consequences a soul faces in its next life for its actions in this life.