AP BIO Review Cells Structure/Function Membranes, & Signaling

1. AP BIO ReviewCells Structure/FunctionMembranes, & Signaling Kelly RiedellBrookings Biology Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections.(That said... you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections)

2. Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its function ROUGH ER Network of membranes with ribosomes attached “Intracellular highway” Transport proteins made on its ribosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.    b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3]            Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:             1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein  synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport. 

3. Cell wall Name the colored part Name the structural polysaccaride that provides support here? Give the function cellulose Provides support & protection Essential knowledge 2.B.1.4    c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments.        Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:          1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane. 

4. According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteinsof the membrane are mostly A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane without fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check C Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.     b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1]      Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:        1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 

5. https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625 amphipathic Phospholipids are __________because they have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic? Which part is hydrophilic TAILS HEAD Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.  Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:   2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of  the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid  portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself. 

6. http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC040844/animalcells.htm Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane 2.B.1.b.1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

7. Name some cell parts found in all cells Plasma membraneRibosomesCytoskeletonDNA Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.  a. Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domainsLO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms   [See SP 7.2]

8. Plasma (Cell) membrane Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its function Mainly phospholipids & proteinswith cholesterol (animals), glycoproteins, and glycolipids Acts as boundary to separate internal/external environment; Controls what enters and leaves cell (selectively permeable) 2.B.1.a Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment 2.B.1.b 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipids molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

9. Draw a picture showing the components used to make a FAT molecule. What kind of reaction joins the “pieces”? How is a fat different than a phospholipid? How does adding unsaturated fatty acid tails change whether the fat is solid or liquid at room temperature? 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids

10. FAT = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails Joined by dehydration synthesis Phospholipid = 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails + 1 phosphate group

11. MAKE A FAT GLYCEROL 3 FATTY ACIDS

12. PHOSPHOLIPID

13. STRUCTURE/FUNCTION! UNSATURATED FA’s put “kinks” in tails Can’t pack astightly. Learn more UNSATURATED Fats = liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats = solid at room temperature.

14. Smooth ER Name the colored part Give its function In most cells: it makes lipids (phospholipids/steroids) Muscle cells: regulates calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum) Liver cells: breaks down toxins Essential knowledge 4.A.2:.         b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3]         of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:        2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.  

15. Compare basic organelles in plant cells vs bacterial cells PLANTS Bacteria Eukaryotes prokaryotes Have chloroplasts No chloroplasts Cellulose in cell wall peptidoglycan in cell wall Big vacuole no vacuolenucleus no nucleus Membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.  b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such               • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport              • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts)              • Linear chromosomes              • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms   [See SP 7.2]

16. Image from: http://i0.wp.com/www.sciencemusicvideos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/simple-phospholipid-no-numbers.png?resize=359%2C148 Identify this molecule and use the words:hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, non-polar to identify the parts of this molecule. Explain why this tail on the left is bent? Head is polar and hydrophilic Tails are non-polar and hydrophobic Fatty acid tail is unsaturated. It has a double bond whichputs a “kink” in the tail 4.a.1.3. In general lipids are nonpolar; however, phospholipids exhibit structural properties, with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation the determine the structure and function of lipids [ See also 1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1]

17. Golgi body (apparatus) Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its function Stacks of membrane sacs called cisternae Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials received fromRough ER for transport; Make lysosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. c. The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae).[See also 2.B.3]                 Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:     1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles), and  production of lysosomes. 

18. Channels and carriers Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion Which of these would increase membrane fluidity? a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids b) greater proportion of saturated phospholipids c) a lower temperature d) relatively high protein content in membrane e) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses A Campbell Ch 7 self quiz Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy;the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to lowconcentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of eachof the following: 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion ofcharged and polar molecules through a membrane.

19. https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625 Which molecules are used to make a phospholipid? Head is made of a phosphate groupattached to a glycerol backbone. 2 fatty acids make up the tails Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.  Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:   2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of  the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid  portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself. 

20. According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteinsof the membrane are mostly A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane without fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check C Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.     b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1]      Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:        1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 

21. Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity pH Vocab

22. A Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids C. a lower temperature D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Concept check Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions.a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organismswith a wider range of functions. [See also2.B.1,3.A.1,4.A.1,4.A.2]To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:     •  Different types of phospholipids in cell membranesLO 4.22The student is able to construct explanations based onevidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with awider range of functions. [SeeSP 6.2]

23. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html Describe the pathway a protein hormone like insulin might follow from where it is made until it is secreted by a pancreas cell. -made by RIBOSOMES attached to ROUGH ER-inserted into and transported through the ROUGH ER- travel in a vesicle to a nearby GOLGI BODY (complex)-modified, sorted, and packaged into a transport vesicle by GOLGI BODY - Shipped to plasma membrane where it leaves cell by exocytosis 4.A.2.a Ribosomes … site of protein synthesis4.A.2.b.1 Rough ER . . Protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays role in intracellular transport.4.A.2.c.1.Golgi complex . . Synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) LO 4.4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular organelles [ See SP 6.4]

24. https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625https://i1.wp.com/biofoundations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Phospholipid.gif?w=625 Which molecules in a cell membrane are responsible for its selective permeability In a cell membrane the phospholipids form a double layer called a ________ with the_______ facing outward and the _______ facing inward. Phospholipids (Hydrophobic tails) BILAYER HEADS TAILS Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.  Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:   2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of  the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid  portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself. 

25. cellulose Name the structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule

26. Tell which part does it? rough ER Intracellular highway _____________ Few long structures on surface of cells that help in movement _____________ Few short structures on surfaceof cells that help move cellor move substances past cell ______________ flagella cilia 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes

27. mitochondria Name the colored part What is the folded membrane inside called? Give its function cristae Cellular respirationBurn glucose and store energy as ATP Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:        1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function.         2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae.         3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production.

28. Image from: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/c6/12/25/c612251478a0e61407f86009771ba803.jpg vesicle A small membrane bound sac in a eukaryotic cell used to transport substances around inside a cell 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4.A.2.c.1 Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles)

29. Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule Carbohydrates made from 2-10 sugar molecules like those found in glycoproteins are called _____________ Compare the molecules found in the cell walls of the following:Plants Bacteria Fungi oligosaccharides cellulose peptidoglycan chitin Essential knowledge 2.B.1.4    c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments.        Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:   1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane.                            2. Other examples are cells walls of prokaryotes and fungi.  

30. Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.  d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3]        Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:         1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function.         2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae.  Label A = ___________________ B = ___________________ C = ___________________ D = ___________________ E = ___________________ Outer membrane Intermembrane space cristae matrix cytoplasm

31. Image from: https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/aquaporin_cartoon_large.jpg Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make uptransport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4.A.1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.. a.2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1] 2.B.1.3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nonpolar side groups

32. Name a cell part thatwould use thismolecule It is an amino acid; ribosomes use it to make proteins Name the cell part that makes this molecule mitochondria

33. http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/tail_bud.htm Name the process in human embryos by which your fingers and toes formed from paddle-like structures and your tail disappeared? Which cell organelle participates in this process? Apoptosis= autophagy lysosomes 2.E.1.c Programmed cell death plays a role in the normal development and differentiation.Students should be able to demonstrate understanding of the above concept by using an illustrative example such as: Morphogenesis of fingers and toes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.    e. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell's organic materials and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of ways. [See also 2.B.3] 

34. Images from: https://www.colourbox.com/preview/9746487-the-structural-formula-of-cellulose-polymer.jpg http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182/ModCarb-c.jpeg Both are structural polysaccharides made from β-glucose monomers; found in plant cell walls Chitin has nitrogen groups attached to its β-glucose monomers; found in fungi cell wallsand arthropod exoskeletons Compare and contrast CHITIN and CELLULOSE Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule

35. http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4a.asp centriole Name this cell part What is it made out of? Give a function Microtubule proteins Help separate chromosomesduring mitosis in animal cells 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes

36. Label A = ___________________ B = ___________________ C = ___________________ D = ___________________ E = ___________________ Thylakoid sacs Thylakoid space granum stroma cytoplasm 4.A.2.g..3. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane that creates a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function. Within the chloroplasts are membrane-bound structures called thylakoids. Energy-capturing reactions housed in the thylakoids are organized in stacks, called "grana,“ . . . Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma, . . . .

37. Tell which part does it? Mitochondria Burns glucose and stores energy released as ATP _____________ Controls what enters or leaves the cell _______________ Log shaped structures that help guide chromosomes apart during cell division in animal _______________ cells Plasma (cell) membrane Centrioles 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation [See also 2.A.2, 2.b.3]

38. Ribosomes are made from which two molecules? What is the function of ribosomes? Proteins and RNA protein synthesis Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. a. Ribosomes are small, universal structures comprised of two interacting parts: ribosomal RNA and protein. In a sequential  manner, these cellular components interact to become the site of protein synthesis where the translation of the genetic  instructions yields specific polypeptides. [See also 2.B.3]

39. DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells chromatin Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… means “water fearing” hydrophobic VOCAB

40. Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached? What is the function of smooth ER inmost cells? Rough ER Most cells = lipid synthesis Muscle cells- regulate Ca++ during muscle contraction (modified as sarcoplasmic reticulum) Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:   1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein  synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.   2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.  

41. Image from: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm Name the kind of lipid joined in rings instead of chains made mainly from carbon and hydrogen that can be found in animal cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule

42. https://twitter.com/medschooladvice/status/456593149540855808https://twitter.com/medschooladvice/status/456593149540855808

43. Which two molecules are the main components in cell plasma membranes? What is the function of the plasma membrane? Phospholipids and proteins Control what enters and leaves cellcompartmentalization (separates inside /outside) Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.     a. Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment.     b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1]        Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:         1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol,  glycoproteins and glycolipids.         2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself. 

44. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html Rough ER This organelle isthe ____________ Give its function Modifies and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3]Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:    1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein  synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport. 

45. nucleolus Name the colored part Give its function Makes ribosomal RNA How does the rRNA get out of the nucleus? Exits through nuclear pores Which other kind of molecule combines with RNA to make ribosomes? proteins Essential knowledge 4.A.2. The structure and function of subcellular components and their interactions provide essential cellular processesa. Ribosomes are small universal structures comprised of two interacting parts ribosomal RNA and proteins

46. Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and non-polar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does adding unsaturated fatty acids change the shape of the molecule and impact membrane fluidity? 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions.      a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:            •  Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]

47. Image from: http://images.slideplayer.com/15/4623267/slides/slide_9.jpg HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Unsaturated fatty acids put “kinks” in the tails; They pack less tightly together in membrane; Increase fluidity Plants that can tolerated cold and fish that live in cold places have more unsaturated FA’s in their phospholipids 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions.      a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:            •  Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]

48. Draw a diagram of a typical biological membrane including the lipid bilayer and both integral and peripheral proteins. Label your diagram and GIVE AN EXAMPLE of an integral and a peripheral protein you learned about. What other molecules can be found in cell membranes? 2.B.1.b.1. Cell membranes consist of a structural frame work of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, and cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.2.B.1.b.2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself

49. Peripheral proteins- G protein Last ETC protein Integral proteins: transport proteins (ion channels, carriers, aquaporins, ATP synthase . . . .) .