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Natural v. Acquired / Specific immune parameters

Explore the relationship between the immune system and stress, including the impact of natural and acquired immunity, inflammation, chronic stress, and immune system modulation. Discover how stress can affect overall health and the role of immune mediators in diseases like CHD, cancer, and depression.

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Natural v. Acquired / Specific immune parameters

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  1. Natural v. Acquired / Specific immune parameters • Natural immunity • Genetic, species-wide antigen compliment • Quick acting, general cellular immune components • Macrophages • Compliment • Natural Killer • Acquired / specific immunity • Vaccines, immune memory • Slow , highly targeted • T helper cells • T cytotoxic cells (“T cells”) • β cells Cytokine release  Inflammation Recognize antigen on cells “lock on” expressed antigen & lyse cells   Antibodies Recognize & kill “free” (plasma) antigen

  2. Cytokine pathway • Stress or physical trauma  cytokine pathway Up-regulation of natural / cellular immunity  NK proliferation & cytotoxicity Trauma / infection • Pro-inflammatory cytokines • IL6, • tumor necrosis factor • NK Clear / avoid infection Inflammation Acute stress • “Sickness behavior” • Lethargy • Withdrawal • Responsiveness to pain • Energy conservation • Stress reduction • Avoid pathogens

  3. Cytokine pathway • Affect-driven alterations in cytokine pathway Inadequate wound healing • Down-regulation of acquired / specific immunity • NK • Antibody titers Trauma / infection • Pro-inflammatory cytokines • IL6, • tumor necrosis factor Clear / avoid infection Chronic Inflammation Chronic Stress, Negative affect • “Sickness behavior” • Lethargy • Withdrawal • Responsiveness to pain • Energy conservation • Stress reduction • Avoid pathogens C-reactive protein, Il6, etc. Morbidity, CHD Plaque Lipids

  4. HPA pathway • Hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenocortical pathway Stress, ψTrauma, chronic arousal Catecholamine, cortisol secretion Decreasing threshold for HPA activation Immune activation Inflammation Morbidity

  5. HPA pathway • Linkage of HPA axis, immune products, and affect Stress, ψTrauma, chronic arousal Catecholamine, cortisol secretion Negative affect,Anxiety, Insomnia, memory deficits Immune activation Inflammation Morbidity

  6. Bi-directional effects • Bi-directional: immune competence and affect • Depression, stress, arousal  HPA activation  inflammation & NK depletion • HIV: • Depression, concealment of MSM status  mortality • ART treatment  lessened depressive affect • Cytokine stimulation  depressed affect, lethargy.

  7. Bi-directional process of immune system & ψ • ΨMediators: • Diet • Alcohol / drug use • Exercise / activity • Affect: • Depression • Anger & anxiety • Stress • Morbidity & mortality: • URI • CHD • Cancer • Immune Mediators: • NK / Il6 / cytokine production • C-reactive protein • HPA pathway • Inflammation

  8. Cytokine / immune system effects on depression • Inflammation / “sickness” behavior may interfere with hippocampal-mediated learning • Similar mechanism as cognitive load • Interference with avoidance learning

  9. Chronic disease, “illness behavior” and depression

  10. Key Immunological moderators • Gender; • Mediated by threshold for negative affect or depression Dx • Race; • SES; strong main effect on all health parameters • Neuroticism (type “D” or “C” personality) • Acute Stress • Bereavement • Increase in cortisol, norepinephrine • consistent decrease in NK proliferation • Trauma / environmental change • Decrease in cortisol • Increase in cellular immunity? • Social / marital conflict [“high anger” couples] >> social / marital support • Exams (x age…) • Chronic stress • Caregiving burden  [distress]  decrements in humoral & cellular systems • (Non)marriage in men • Non-disclosure among MSM  HIV mortality Biphasic model: Immune enhancement (?) Immune suppression

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