What is the formulation of the research question in systematic review? - Pubrica

1. WHAT IS THE FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION IN SYSTEMATICREVIEW An Academic presentationby Dr. Nancy Agens, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica Group: www.pubrica.com Email:sales@pubrica.com

2. Today'sDiscussion Outline Inbrief Introduction PICO SPIDER SPICE ECLIPSE Conclusion

3. InBrief Formulating a research question is the challenging task for a researcher while initiating a systematic review. This article explains the different frameworks available for formulating a high-quality research question which includes PICO, SPIDER, SPICE, ECLIPSE. A well-formulated research question needs to have extreme specificity and preciseness that guides the implementation of the systematic reviewwhile keeping in mind the identification of variables and population ofinterest.

4. Introduction The first step in executing a Systematic Reviewis to formulate the researchquestion. Without formulating a well-focused research question, it can be challenging and time- consuming to identify suitable studies and search for relevantevidence. Practitioners of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework, called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literaturesearch. A systematic reviewquestion typically focused on narrow parameters and usually fitted into the PICO questionformat.

5. PICO P – Patient | Population |Problem Most important characteristics of patients. Examples: Gender, age, and disease or condition. I – Intervention orexposure Main intervention. Examples: Drug treatment, diagnostic and screeningtest. C – Comparison orControl Main alternative. Examples: Standard therapy, placebo, no treatment and goldstandard. O – Outcomemeasures For quantitative systematic reviewquestion formation, PICO can be used along with the variant such as PICOS (S-Study design), PICOC (C-Context), and PICOT(T-timeframe). Contd..

6. Table 1:Search Strategy Contd..

7. Systematic reviewquestions may be broad or narrow in focus, but it is essential to formulate the research question with care to avoid lacking relevant studies or collecting a potentially biased resultset.

8. SPIDER S –Sample A qualitative research study is not easy to generalize as the sample is preferred over apatient. PI – Phenomenon ofInterest Rather than interventions, it looks at the reasons for behaviour anddecisions. D –Design The type of research through interview orsurvey. E – Evaluation Outcomemeasures. R – Researchtype Quantitative, qualitative and mixedmethods

9. SPICE S – Setting(Where?) Based on the location or environment relevant to theresearch. P – Perspective or Population (for Whom?) The type of people that are beingstudied. I – Intervention(What?) The intervention, practice or treatment that are used forevaluation. C – Comparison (compared withwhat?) An intervention with which the author compares the abovecomparator. E – Evaluation (with whatresult?) The hypothetical result that is intended toevaluate.

10. ECLIPSE E –Expectation Improvement, Information orInnovation. C – Clientgroup At whom the service isaimed. L –Location where is the servicelocated? I – Impact Outcomes P –Professionals who is involved in providing or improving theservice? Contd..

11. Se –Service For which service are you looking forinformation. Once you have a defined research question, it is essential to make sure your research is original, and it is not alreadyaddressed. It can be identified through a thorough search in the systematic reviewdatabases (such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO, and Systematic ReviewDa ta Repository (SRDR)) and be sure to check with published reviews as well as registeredprotocols.

12. Conclusion A well-designed research question is a starting point in conducting a high-quality systematic review, as it will determine the nature and scope of the systematic review, and there are several frameworks available for formulating a research questing and search for a newfinding. Once the research question formulation is done, it is very much necessary to check with the database to avoidrepetition.

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