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Desulphurisation

Desulphurisation. Hemant Pandit, Ranjan agrawal. Wet Flue Gas Desulphurisation. The wet FGD process CaCO 3 (s) + SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O + ½O 2 → CaSO 4  2H 2 O(s) + CO 2 Major reactions ( Kiil, 1998 ) ● Absorption of SO 2 ● Oxidation of HSO 3 - to SO 4 2- ● Limestone dissolution

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Desulphurisation

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  1. Desulphurisation Hemant Pandit, Ranjan agrawal

  2. Wet Flue Gas Desulphurisation The wet FGD process CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) + 2H2O + ½O2→ CaSO42H2O(s) + CO2 Major reactions (Kiil, 1998) ● Absorption of SO2 ● Oxidation of HSO3- to SO42- ● Limestone dissolution ● Gypsum crystallisation Important parameters ●Desulphurisation degree ●Gypsum moisture content ●Gypsum impurity content (limestone etc.) Courtesy of DONG Energy 1

  3. The oxy-fuel concept Oxy-fuel combustion ●Substitution of fuel air with oxygen ●Flue gas recycle in order to control temperature/convective heat transfer ●Gas phase enriched in CO2 & H2O ●Capture and compression of CO2 Flue gas desulphurization ●Ensuring a clean product – i.e. transport and geological storage considerations ●Wet FGD before compression (traditional) ●As part of the compression (research stage) Courtesy of Vattenfall 2

  4. Fuel Processing

  5. Fuel Processor

  6. C + O2 CO2 C + H2OCO + H2 C + CO2 2CO CO + H2O CO2 + H2 CO + 3H2 CH4 +H2O Gasification of solid fuels Generic Types Moving bed Fluidized bed Entrained bed Second generation BGL Shell Texaco KRW HT Winkler and many more

  7. Partial Oxidation • CxHy + x/2 O2 x CO + y/2 H2 • Advantages: • Any type of hydrocarbon • Direct Heat transfer Disadvantages: • Low H2 production • Dilution of gas with N2 • Soot formation

  8. Desulphurisation • Gas phase Desulphurisation • ZnO + H2S ZnS (s) + H2O (g) • 2 to 3 kg ZnO sufficient for one year Automobile operation • Liquid Fuel Desulphurisation • Gasoline 30-40 ppm 1-2ppm Sulphur • For high sulphur Fuels hydro treatment followed by gas phase • Desulphurisation Adsorption Chemical reaction

  9. Conclusions • Presently liquid fuels like gasoline & Diesel which contain high aromatic content and sulfur are not very suitable for on board applications. • Availability of Methanol & Ethanol for fuel uses are inadequate. • For use of natural gas economic and environmental benefits are to studied in detail. • A multi fuel Reformer needs to be developed (For fuels with small range of C/H ratio). • Thrust areas for R&D • Development of reactors/separators (Membrane) • Indigenous Catalyst development

  10. Desulphurization plant in Germany

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