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Lecture #2

Lecture #2. Methods used for studying brain development. Food for thought. How can you get inside someone’s brain without really getting “inside” their brain? What would you do to study brain development? What can we learn about brain from studying behavior (and vice versa)? . Outline .

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Lecture #2

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  1. Lecture #2 Methods used for studying brain development

  2. Food for thought • How can you get inside someone’s brain without really getting “inside” their brain? • What would you do to study brain development? • What can we learn about brain from studying behavior (and vice versa)?

  3. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies

  4. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies • EEG

  5. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies • EEG • ERP

  6. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies • EEG • ERP • Imaging Studies

  7. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies • EEG • ERP • Imaging Studies • Animal Studies

  8. Outline • Methods used to measure brain development • Lesion studies • EEG • ERP • Imaging Studies • Animal Studies • Neuropsychological Studies

  9. Outline • What’s so great?

  10. Outline • What’s so great? • What’s the problem?

  11. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects

  12. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects • Examples • Amygdala (emotion)

  13. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects • Examples • Amygdala (emotion) • Hippocampus (memory)

  14. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects • Examples • Amygdala (emotion) • Hippocampus (memory) • Visual cortex (blindsight)

  15. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects • Examples • Amygdala (emotion) • Hippocampus (memory) • Visual cortex (blindsight) • Parietal cortex (attention)

  16. Lesion Studies • Damage to a particular part of the brain can result in specific behavioral effects • Examples • Amygdala (emotion) • Hippocampus (memory) • Visual cortex (blindsight) • Parietal cortex (attention) • Left hemisphere (language)

  17. Lesion Studies • What’s so great?

  18. Lesion Studies • What’s so great? • What’s the problem?

  19. Electroencephalography (EEG) • Measures “brain waves”

  20. Electroencephalography (EEG) • Measures “brain waves” • Gross measure of integrity of the brain as a system

  21. Electroencephalography (EEG) • Measures “brain waves” • Gross measure of integrity of the brain as a system • Can be used as a very low level indicator (is this person alive)

  22. Electroencephalography (EEG) • Measures “brain waves” • Gross measure of integrity of the brain as a system • Can be used as a very low level indicator (is this person alive) • Can also be used to measure behavior • Depression

  23. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work?

  24. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity

  25. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires

  26. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires • Electrodes placed on scalp record brain electrical activity

  27. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires • Electrodes placed on scalp record brain electrical activity • Measures include the amount of activity in particular frequency bands

  28. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires • Electrodes placed on scalp record brain electrical activity • Measures include the amount of activity in particular frequency bands • Power

  29. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires • Electrodes placed on scalp record brain electrical activity • Measures include the amount of activity in particular frequency bands • Power • Activation

  30. Electroencephalography (EEG) • How does it work? • Brains produce electricity • Neurons do their business basically by acting like wires • Electrodes placed on scalp record brain electrical activity • Measures include the amount of activity in particular frequency bands • Power • Activation • Activation in a particular frequency range

  31. EEG • What’s so great?

  32. EEG • What’s so great? • What’s the problem?

  33. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition:

  34. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition: • Brain electrical activity that comes from simultaneous firing of synapses, and is related to a specific event.

  35. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition: • Brain electrical activity that comes from simultaneous firing of synapses, and is related to a specific event. • How do you measure them?

  36. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition: • Brain electrical activity that comes from simultaneous firing of synapses, and is related to a specific event. • How do you measure them? • Electrodes placed on the scalp record brain activity

  37. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition: • Brain electrical activity that comes from simultaneous firing of synapses, and is related to a specific event. • How do you measure them? • Electrodes placed on the scalp record brain activity • Activity is recorded in response to a specific discrete event.

  38. Event – related Potentials (ERP) • Definition: • Brain electrical activity that comes from simultaneous firing of synapses, and is related to a specific event. • How do you measure them? • Electrodes placed on the scalp record brain activity • Activity is recorded in response to a specific discrete event. • Averaging over enough trials gets rid of the “noise” of the background EEG.

  39. ERP (continued) • What do they look like?

  40. ERP (continued) • What do they look like? • Components seen in infants • Nc Component

  41. ERP (continued) • What do they look like? • Components seen in infants • Nc Component • PSW

  42. ERP (continued) • What do they look like? • Components seen in infants • Nc Component • PSW • P300

  43. ERP (continued) • What do they look like? • Components seen in infants • Nc Component • PSW • P300 • Sensory Components

  44. ERP (continued) • What do they look like?

  45. ERP (continued) • What do they look like? • Components seen in infants • Nc Component • PSW • P300 • Sensory Components • What can you learn from them? • Examples • Language and early phonological development

  46. ERP • What’s so great?

  47. ERP • What’s so great? • What’s the problem?

  48. Imaging • CAT Scans

  49. Imaging • CAT Scans • Useful for describing overall brain structure

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