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EVAPORATION

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EVAPORATION

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    1. EVAPORATION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND SINGLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS

    2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION OBJECTIVES CONCENTRATE SOLUTE RECOVER SOLVENT FORM CRYSTALS MECHANISM HEAT EXCHANGE WITH PHASE CHANGE BATCH OR CONTINUOUS

    3. DESIGN FACTORS SOLUTION FLUID VISCOSITY HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS PRESSURE DROPS SOLUTE SOLUBILITY SUPERSATURATED CONDITION MATERIALS (BIO-MATERIALS) MAY BE HEAT SENSITIVE DEGRADATION TEMPERATURE ELEVATED PRESSURE BOILING POINT ELEVATION

    4. EVAPORATION DESIGN FACTORS HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTIONS FOAMING SCALING AND CORROSION

    5. OTHER DESIGN FACTORS SPECIFIC HEAT HEAT OF CONCENTRATION FREEZING POINT VS. CONCENTRATION GAS LIBERATION TOXICITY EXPLOSION HAZARDS NEED FOR STERILITY

    6. EVAPORATION COMPARED WITH DISTILLATION SOLUTE IN EVAPORATION IS GENERALLY NON-VOLATILE, RELATIVE TO SOLVENT

    7. EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT SUMMARIZED IN FIGURE 8.2-1

    8. EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT FORCED CIRCULATION AND RECOMPRESSION UNITS

    9. EVAPORATOR EQUIPMENT PLATE & FRAME - CRYSTALLIZERS

    10. OSLO TYPE CRYSTALLIZERS

    11. OTHER CRYSTALLIZERS

    12. THIN FILM EVAPORATORS USED FOR VISCOUS AND THERMALLY SENSITIVE MEDIA

    13. INTEGRATED PLANT

    14. EVAPORATOR CONFIGURATION SINGLE STAGE EVAPORATORS HEAT TRANSFER

    15. MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATORS STEAM FROM ONE EFFECT IS THE HEAT SOURCE FOR THE SECOND EFFECT

    16. MULTI-EFFECT COUNTERFLOW CONFIGURATION FIGURE 8.2-3 FEED-FOREWARD PRESSURE IS REDUCED IN EACH STAGE FEED & STEAM ENTER THE SAME STAGE IN THE TRAIN FIGURE 8.2-4 – FEED-BACKWARD PRESSURE IS INCREASED IN EACH STAGE FEED & STEAM ENTER FROM OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE TRAIN

    17. PARALLEL FEED SOLAR EVAPORATION SYSTEM

    18. EVAPORATOR HEAT TRANSFER OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS – SEE TABLE 8.3-1 NEED TO KNOW RANGE TO REVIEW QUOTED DESIGNS NOTE THAT PLATE & FRAME CAN HAVE HIGHER COEFFICIENTS THAN SHELL & TUBE.

    19. CHANGE OF PHASE HEAT TRANSFER SECTION 4.8 FOR SUMMARY OF MECHANISMS FIGURE 4.8-1 CONVECTION NUCLEATE TRANSITION FILM

    20. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS BASED ON ?T

    21. OTHER CORRELATIONS FOR EACH CONFIGURATION PERRY’S PAGE 5-22 HANDBOOK http://www.wlv.com/products/databook/ch5_3.pdf CONVECTIVE BOILING IN COILED TUBES http://www.graham-mfg.com/downloads/12.pdf BASED ON SURFACE http://www.energy.kth.se/index.asp?pnr=10&ID=125&lang=0

    22. SINGLE STAGE MODELS MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES

    23. MASS & ENERGY BALANCES COMPONENT MASS BALANCE SYSTEM HEAT BALANCE

    24. OTHER DESIGN FACTORS LOWER EVAPORATION PRESSURE WILL INCREASE EFFECTIVE ?T LOWER EVAPORATOR AREA INCREASED SOLVENT CONDENSER AREA HIGHER VELOCITIES MIST ELIMINATION BOILING POINT ELEVATION REDUCES EFFECTIVE ?T WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATION

    25. BOILING POINT ELEVATION DÜRING’S RULE – SOLUTION BOILING POINT IS LINEARLY RELATED TO PURE WATER NBPt AT PSYS FIGURE 8.4-2

    26. ENTHALPY-CONCENTRATION HEAT OF MIXING EFFECTS NON-IDEAL

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