Foundations of Physical Science

1. Foundations of Physical Science Workshop: The Atom, Light & Optics and Electric Circuits

2. The Atom – Atom Building Game CPO Science

3. Key Questions • What are atoms and how are they put together? • What does atomic structure have to do with the periodic table?

4. Subatomic Particles • What three basic particles make up all atoms?

5. Subatomic Particles • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons

6. Subatomic Particles • The marbles represent these particles. Can you guess which marble represents which particle?

7. Subatomic Particles • Now see if you can determine which are protons and which are neutrons:

8. Building Atoms • Several groups build an atom with:7 blues, 6 reds, 6 yellows • Others build an atom with: 15 yellows, 16 blues, 15 reds • Others build an atom with 8 yellows, 8 reds, and 9 blues • Several groups build an atom with:7 blues,6 reds, 6 yellows • Others build an atom with: 15 yellows,16 blues,15 reds • Others build an atom with 8 yellows,8 reds,and9 blues

9. The game of Atomic Challenge • 4 players or teams per board • Each player starts with 6 blues, 5 reds, and 5 yellows in their board pocket. • Each player takes turns adding marbles to the atom (up to 5 per turn) to make real, stable atoms. • The first player to lose all their marbles wins!!! • 4 players or teams per board • Each player starts with6 blues,5 reds, and 5 yellowsin their board pocket. • Each player takes turns adding marbles to the atom (up to 5 per turn) to make real, stable atoms. • The first player to lose all their marbles wins!!!

10. Atom Building Reminders

11. Building Atoms using Nuclear Particle Cards • Each player starts with7 blues,7 reds, and 7 yellowsin the board pocket. • 4 players or teams per board • Shuffle cards and deal 5 per player • On each turn, play a card and add or take particles as the card instructs • On some turns you will score points; on other turns you will not (you may be blocking an opponent) • Each player starts with7 blues, 7 reds, and 7 yellowsin the board pocket.

12. Scoring Points: If your move… • Creates or leaves a stable nucleus, you score 1 point • Creates or leaves a neutral atom, you score 1 point • Creates a perfect, neutral atom with a stable nucleus, you score 3 points • First person to 15 points wins!

13. Light and the Atom • Atoms absorb and then emit energy with their electrons • When the energy emitted falls within the visible spectrum we see it as light

14. Laser Light • An Acronym - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • Monochromatic • In-Phase • Coherent • Many Uses

15. The game of Photons & Lasers • Teaches players about how light is absorbed and emitted from atoms • The objective of the game is to score points by stimulating excited electrons tolase, emitting photons of light • Players playpumpcards to excite the atom by moving electrons up energy levels • Players score points by playinglasercards and moving electrons back down energy levels

16. Setting Up Photons & Lasers • To begin, the atom should be set up for a specific element • Neon 20 is a good choice with 10 each of protons, neutrons, and electrons • The electrons should all start in the lowest possible levels – the ground state • Each player is dealt 5 cards from the shuffled deck of Photon & Lasers cards • Play consists of moving electrons up and down energy levels, the nucleus remains unchanged.

17. Pump Cards • Pump cards represent photons of light absorbed by the atom • An absorbed photon raises a single electron the number of energy levels corresponding to the energy (color) of the photon shown on the card • No points are scored with pump cards, but the atom is raised to an excited state which can later be used to earn points by playing laser cards.

18. Laser Cards • Laser cards represent the emission of light from the atom, matching the energy (color) of the stimulating photon • Playing a laser card allows the player to move as many electrons as possible down the number of energy levels specified on the card • When electrons move down energy levelspoints are scored!

19. Playing Photons & Lasers • Players take turns playing one card per turn and moving electrons up and down energy levels as instructed on the card played • Each player draws a new card from the deck after each play to maintain a five card hand • If necessary the played cards can be re-shuffled and re-used

20. Scoring Points • In any given turn electrons may be moved from one level only and only to unfilled states in the appropriate lower level • The total number of electrons moved down (lased) multiplied by the number of energy levels indicated on the laser card equals the points for that turn • 1 electron moved 2 levels = 1 x 2 = 2points • 3 electrons moved 2 levels = 3 x 2 = 6 points • 4 electrons moved 3 levels = 4 x 3 = 12 points

21. How About a Light Meal? • We’ll take a 30 minute break • Food will be served here • Enjoy your meal • Please be ready to start in 30 minutes with our Light & Optics Equipment and Investigations

22. Light And Optics CPO Science

23. What is light? How can we make light? Why are there different colors of light? How does light behave in a prism? Key Questions

24. Take white board and keep white side facing up. Don’t look at the bottom! When I say go, flip board over so white side is down. Place part of a hand over the square. Keep hand there! When lights go out, remove hand and observe. Let it glow, let it glow, let it glow

25. Atoms absorb and then emit energy with their electrons • When the energy emitted falls within the visible spectrum we see it as light

26. Take out the red, blue, and green LED lights, plug them in, and use them to energize the phosphorescent paper Remove the colored lights and observe the paper with the room lights off How can you explain your observations? Charge it up with color

27. How does a TV or computer monitor display many, many different colors when they start with only red, blue, and green pixels? Mix blue and green light. What color do you see? Mix red and blue light. What color do you see? Mix red and green light. What color do you see? Mix all three lights! Light and Color

29. Simple Optical System (Beaker Funhouse) Reflection/Refraction in a Prism (Secret to Tic-Tac-Toe Invincibility and Prismatic Name Enlightenment) Critical Angle/Total Internal Reflection (Laser Proving Ground) Overview

30. What does Transparent mean? • What happens? • What are some examples of transparent materials?

31. What Is an Optical System? • Anything that involves light • Used to study how light behaves

32. Simple Optical System • Observe the Beaker with the water and pencil in it • Look at the Beaker from many different vantage points • What strange or interesting things can you see involving the image of the pencil?

33. The pencil is bent There are two pencils There are three pencils The pencil is Magnified When you look straight down into the beaker, the pencil doesn’t seem bent OBSERVATIONS

34. Color Teaching Tool Slides

35. Color Teaching Tool Slides

36. Refraction/Reflection in a Prism • See Page 112 in the Investigation Guide Handout for written directions • Take out Prism from CPO Optics kit

37. I can see the X at first When I move my head up and down the X vanishes When the X vanishes the O takes its place This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” OBSERVATIONS

38. Repeat the process for the X and O but instead of the X write your first name. Also write your first name in place of the O but this time underline your name. What information do you now see that can help us explain what is going on? Prismatic Name Enlightenment

39. I can see my name upside-down When I move my head up and down my name vanishes When myupside-down name vanishes the underlined name takes its place, and it isn’t upside-down any more This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” OBSERVATIONS

40. Time to Experiment • Use a Simple Model- Laser and Prism • Build Upon What You Have Learned – This Magic Angle is Critical to what is going on

41. Setting Up Laser/Prism Experiment • See Page 113 in the Investigation Guide for written directions • Take out Laser from CPO Optics kit • Use Graph Paper we have provided

42. The exiting beam exits at a different angle for each trial When I move the laser up the paper, the exiting beam angles more in the downward direction At a certain point the exiting beam disappears This seems to be happening at the same angle, the “magic angle” OBSERVATIONS

43. Conclusions from Experiment • At a certain angle the beam is refracted in a direction that doesn’t exit the prism • This happens at a specific angle-The CRITICAL ANGLE • When the angle is bigger than the CRITICAL ANGLE the beam experiencesTOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

44. How We Can Use Optics in Everyday Life • Fiber Optics • Laser Scanners • Surgical Lasers • Information Storage-CDs, DVDs • High precision Distance Measuring

45. Electric Circuits CPO Science

46. What “flow of understanding” provides the necessary foundation for an understanding of electricity? What kinds of electric circuits can you build? How does electricity behave? Key Questions

47. Light the Bulb! What needs to happen to get the bulb to light?

48. Wooden Board Wires of various lengths On/Off switches Bulbs and holder Resistors – fixed and variable Parts of our Circuits Kit

49. Place the bulb in a socket Use one D cell Make the bulb light! Add a switch to conserve D cell energy Use your finger to trace the path of electricity from one terminal of the D cell to the other terminal Build a simple Circuit

50. Wire Bulb Battery Switch Parts of a Circuit Symbols used for Diagramming