Lecture Overview

1. Lecture Overview • Recap on first lecture – grammar • Common grammatical mistakes • Essay* structure • Lab exercise • Next week - styles, genre and developing a narrative

2. Structure and Punctuation

3. Common mistakes • Apostrophe • Commas • Semi colon • Colon

4. The Apostrophe

5. The apostrophe is used to tell who is the owner • The apostrophe is used to show that something belongs to someone or something: • The bird (its) song • The bird’s song.

6. Ask yourself ‘Who is the owner?’ and put the apostrophe after the last letter of the owner’s name. If only one person owns something use ‘s ‘Where is Hadrian’s wall?’ ‘Please Miss, on the side of Hadrian’s house.’ Where does it go?

7. More than one person If more than one person owns something, add the apostrophe after the s: ‘Mum there’s a man at the door collecting for the old folks’ home.’

8. If two or more named people own something, use ‘s after the last person only: Mary and Jim’s new car is a Volkswagen.

9. You need an apostrophe for ownership even when there are no people or animals:Monday’s child is fair of face. (Monday (its) child)

10. The Comma

11. After the display loop runs, it returns to check the status of the switch. Not having commas after introductory phrases or clauses often causes ambiguities After the display loop runs it returns to check the status of the switch.

12. Comma Rule # 1 Use commas for a list or for a small pause or shift in a sentence Sarah, his girlfriend of three years, walked out on him after his facebook addiction became too much to handle or I bought cheese, eggs, ham and crisps at the shop.

13. Comma Rule # 2 Use commas to separate a nonessential words or phrase. Sarah, his girlfriend of three years, walked out on him after his facebook addiction became too much to handle

14. Comma Rule # 2 Use commas to separate a nonessential words or phrase. Sarah, his girlfriend of three years, walked out on him after his facebook addiction became too much to handle

15. Comma Rule # 3 Use a comma before these conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet So. The concert was over, but my friend refused to leave until she got Bono’s autograph.

16. Semicolon

17. Semicolon Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. Road construction in Dublin has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

18. Semicolon video

19. Colon Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fift and West Street are closed during the construction.

20. Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or other idea directly related to the independent clause. Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese. Colon

21. Colon Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting. To Whom It May Concern: Use a colon to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation. 12:00 p.m.

22. Use a full stop at the end of a sentence: •The man arrived. He sat down. 2. Use full stops with abbreviations (in an abbreviation the last letter of the word and of the abbreviation are not the same): •Co. (Company) •etc. (et cetera) M.P. (Member of Parliament) Full Stop and Question Mark

23. A statement is a sentence that tells something. • Use a fullstop(.) to end a statement. • A question is a sentence that asks something. • Use a question mark (?) to end a question.. Statements and Questions

24. When to use the Exclamation Mark Exclamation point should be sparingly used, particularly in prose. Its chief use is to denote emotion of some kind. When to use this type of punctuation with examples: •It is generally employed with interjections or clauses used as interjections: "Alas! I am forsaken." "What a lovely landscape!” •Expressions of strong emotion call for the exclamation: "Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on!” •When the emotion is very strong double exclamation points may be used: "Assist him!! I would rather assist Satan!!"

25. Task 1

26. Writing Structure

27. Sentences

28. RUN-ON SENTENCES • Run-on sentences occur when two sentences are incorrectly joined. • Examples: • SENTENCE, SENTENCE (comma splice) • SENTENCE SENTENCE (fused sentence)

29. ACCEPTABLE SENTENCE JOINS • SENTENCE, AND SENTENCE. (comma + coordinating conjunction (“and,” “or,” “but” -FANBOY)) • SENTENCE; SENTENCE. (semicolon) • IF-CLAUSE, SENTENCE. (turn one sentence into a subordinate clause) • SENTENCE IF-CLAUSE. (“ “) • SENTENCE. SENTENCE. (leave as two sentences)

30. SAMPLE SENTENCE #1 ORIGINAL: At first my Japanese was very poor and communication was slow but with practice my Japanese improved rapidly. PROBLEM: Fused sentence. Correct by using “but” to subordinate REVISED: At first my Japanese was very poor and communication was slow, but with practice my Japanese improved rapidly.

31. SAMPLE SENTENCE #2 ORIGINAL: The program uses no tax dollars, it is a private program which follows the new direction for space development set by the president. PROBLEM: Comma splice. REVISED: The program uses no tax dollars. It is a private program which follows the new direction for space development set by the president.

32. Writing Structure

33. Keep it as simple as possible, yet no simpler. Albert Einstein

34. One error of structure is not properly organizing the document References Appendices Conclusion If a man can organize his ideas, then he is a writer. Robert Louis Stevenson Body Introduction Summary Title Keep it as simple as possible, yet no simpler. Albert Einstein

35. what do they know? why are they reading? what expectations do they have? what biases do they have? The way that you write depends on the audience, purpose, and occasion.

36. audience occassion purpose format formality politics deadlines to inform to persuade The way that you write depends on the audience, purpose, and occasion.

37. We examined four fuels: neat methanol, neat ethanol, methanol with 10% water and ethanol with 10% water. An ambiguity is a group of words that can have more than one meaning We examined neat methanol and ethanol and methanol and ethanol with 10% water.

38. Syntax often causes ambiguities,especially with adverbs Only I tested the Labrador for rabies yesterday. I only tested the Labrador for rabies yesterday. I tested the only Labrador for rabies yesterday. I tested the Labrador only for rabies yesterday. I tested the Labrador for rabies only yesterday.

39. Title • Introduction • Statement • Body paragraph • Topic sentence • Supporting details • Body paragraph… • Topic sentence • Supporting details • Conclusion Writing Structure

40. Title • This can be catchy, cute, creative or just to the point. • A Day at ITB • Spaced Out in Space Mountain • How to Wait in Line All Day and Not Lose Your Mind • Captured by Pirates • I Met My Maker on Toad’s Wild Ride • The Most Expensive Junk Food in the World • Postmodernism Meets Late Capitalism

41. But notice… • The title indicates, at least in some fashion, what the essay is about. • Sometimes, after you’ve done some freewriting, clustering, and general research and thinking about your topic, writing the title first helps you focus. • You can always change the title later.

42. Introduction Your first or introductory paragraph should both explain your topic and stimulate your audience’s interest. Your introductory paragraph (or paragraphs) somewhere contains a statement that helps your reader focus on what exactly you are going to talk about in the upcoming body paragraphs.

43. 1. Broad sentence that sets the stage 2. Narrower sentences that provide some details or a greater degree of specificity 3. Very specific sentence that focuses on exactly what you are going to say in the following essay Main statement Visual Representation

44. Body Paragraphs • Body paragraphs support and explain the essay’s thesis. • Each paragraph is a complete thought. • As soon as you start to change thoughts, or go a new direction, start a new paragraph.

45. Generally a paragraph starts with a topic sentence, that tells what the paragraph is about. The other sentences provide details and support.

46. The Golden Rule: • Don’t let a paragraph wander – keep it to one central thought. • When you feel your mind changing gears, it’s time to change paragraphs!

47. Conclusions • A concluding paragraph is the final paragraph in your essay • It presents a philosophical summary of the essay, linking directly back to the intro • And (sorry) it does NOT start with “In conclusion…”

48. Recap Understanding the common grammatical errors when writing. Writing structure - Sentences - Essay structure

49. Labs Lab exercise

50. Next Week Writing in various styles/genres Overview of characters, ideas, plots and events