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The Ethics of Covert Investigations. Arguments for Covert Investigations. Citizens grant to government the right to use exceptional means. Undercover work is ethical when used for a good and important end. Enforce the law equally. Convict the guilty
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Arguments for Covert Investigations • Citizens grant to government the right to use exceptional means. • Undercover work is ethical when used for a good and important end. • Enforce the law equally.
Convict the guilty • Investigations are ethical when they are non-intrusive as possible. • When citizens use questionable means, government agents are justified in using equivalent means.
Undercover work is ethical when there are reasonable grounds for suspicion. • Special risks justify special precautions. • Undercover work is ethical when done by persons of upright character in accountable organizations.
Undercover work is ethical when the decision to use these techniques has been announced publicly. • Undercover work is ethical when it is undertaken with the intentions of eventually being made public and judged in court.
Arguments against Covert or Undercover Investigations • Truth telling is moral; lying is immoral. • The government should neither participate in , nor be a party to crime nor break the law to enforce it. • The government should not make deals with criminals.
The government should not offer unrealistic temptations or tempt the weak. • Do not harm the innocent. • Respect the sanctity of private places. • Respect the freedom of expression and action.
It is wrong to discriminate in target selection. • The government should not do by stealth what it is prohibited from doing openly.