1 / 29

690 Chapter 5: Syntax

690 Chapter 5: Syntax. Making it stick together… . Quite a Complexion . I am supposed to have been being…. Why Syntax? . Universal Grammar. All languages have Words Rules Merge Move. Syntactic Category: NP. _________ was given a flag. The son of Isabel and Sam Isabel’s son The boy

qiana
Download Presentation

690 Chapter 5: Syntax

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 690 Chapter 5: Syntax Making it stick together…

  2. Quite a Complexion • I am supposed to have been being…

  3. Why Syntax?

  4. Universal Grammar • All languages have • Words • Rules • Merge • Move

  5. Syntactic Category: NP • _________ was given a flag. • The son of Isabel and Sam • Isabel’s son • The boy • Joe

  6. Key Vocabulary • Constituent • Groups and subgroups of words that “go together” • Syntactic category • Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality • NP, PP, Art, Conj, S, VP, Adj, Pro…

  7. Syntactic Category: VP • Joe __________________. Finish the sentence

  8. Key Vocabulary • Constituent structure tree AKA: Phrase-structure tree • Diagram of a phrase or sentence that reduces repetition by the use of syntactic category labels in the branches of a tree

  9. Constituency Tests • Substitution • Pronoun • Question Word • Relocation • Conjunction • …. but • Ambiguity • All for 1 & 1 for all

  10. Phrase Structure Rules: English • NP  N Joe • NP  Art + N the boy • NP  Art + Adj+ N the big boy • NP  Pro he N • NP  Art (Adj)* + N Pro { }

  11. Phrase Structure Rules: Cont’d • NP  Art (Adj)* + N • *the house red • Spanish: • la casa roja • *la roja casa • You tell me… a NP rule for Spanish

  12. You tell me: • *John found. • John found a ball. • John found a ball in the grass. • *John found in the grass. • A VP phrase-structure rule would be: • VP  Vt + NP (PP)*

  13. Key Vocabulary • Phrase Structure Rules • Specify grammatical ways of putting sentences together • Lexical insertion rules • Match syntactic categories with words or morphemes at the bottom of a tree • Subcategorization • Restricts how lexical items can occur • Examples: • Transitive Verb: VP  Vt + NP (adj) • Find, love, destroy • Intransitive Verb: VP  Vi (adv)* • Die, sleep

  14. Ambiguity • The son of Isabel and Sam • You tell me… Where is the break for each meaning?

  15. Tree Structure (Constituent Structure) The son of Isabel and Sam The son of Isabel and Sam the son of Isabel and Sam the son of Isabel

  16. Tree Structure (Constituent Structure) The son of Isabel and Sam The son of Isabel and Sam the son of Isabel and Sam Isabel and Sam

  17. Tree Structure (Constituent Structure)

  18. Tree Structure (Constituent Structure) Noun Phrase Noun Phrase Prepositional Phrase Article Noun Preposition Noun Phrase the son of Noun Conj. Noun Isabel and Sam

  19. Tree Structure (Constituent Structure) NP NP PP Det N P NP the son of N Conj. N Isabel and Sam

  20. Joe got a flag S NP VP N I NP +pst VDet N Joe got a flag

  21. You Tell Me… The man gave Joe a flag. S NP VP Det N I V NP NP +pstNDet N The mangaveJoea flag

  22. Complement Clauses • Universal • Sentence embedded in a sentence • Key words (English) • That • Whether • If … This is the house that Jack built….

  23. Questions Yes / No Wh- Do Insertion CP C IP NP VP I V Adj -pst My students are smart Transformations (Movement)

  24. Key Vocabulary • Transformational rule • an operation that moves, deletes, or inserts a category • a rule that applies to a syntactic tree to yield a new syntactic tree.

  25. Additional Notes (value of trees) • Structure Dependent Rules • Surface words ≠ important • Transformational rules  constituents • Head NP agrees with Main VP • Regardless of intervening structures • Regardless of transformations

  26. Syntax allows a NS to: • produce and understand an infinite set of utterances • distinguish between grammatical and ungrammatical strings • interpret certain strings as well-formed grammatically but ill-formed semantically • interpret certain strings as well-formed semantically but ill-formed grammatically • understand the full meaning of a sentence from a string of words, which may not contain all the words necessary for an accurate interpretation • perceive when two or more strings are synonymous (paraphrase) • perceive structural ambiguity in a grammatical string • account for grammatical and logical relations within a sentence • Q: What’s the best way to help a NNS internalize the same?

  27. Additional Structures • Coordination • Pulls two parts together • Relatives • Tells more about an NP • Passives • Changes the focus • De-emphasizes or obscures the ‘actor’

  28. Exercises • 5 (you may want to do 3 & 4 as a lead in) • 6 & 7 (as practice for later exercises) • 9, 10 & 11 • At least the first and last of each exercise • 13 & 14 • At least the first of each exercise

  29. Tomorrow • Grammar Safari • Find at least one in outside readings • Y/N?, WH-?, DO insertion, Relative, Passive • Copy (print screen) and bring to class • Chapter 6: Semantics • Understand trees, but don’t focus on them

More Related