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French Revolution:

French Revolution:. PHASE 3: Radical Republic to Directory. The Radical Republic. The Radical Republic. By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy !. Fueled by freedom of the Press. The Radical Republic. The National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitution

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French Revolution:

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  1. French Revolution: PHASE 3: Radical Republic to Directory

  2. The Radical Republic

  3. The Radical Republic By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy! • Fueled by freedom of the Press

  4. The Radical Republic • The National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitution • Ended the monarchy • Made France a REPUBLIC– a government with elected officials

  5. The Radical Republic • Universal male suffrage – all adult male citizens given the right to vote

  6. Reforms of the Republic • Primary goal was to encourage greater equality • Universal Elementary Education

  7. Reforms of the Republic • New land for peasants • Introduced wage & price controls • Abolished slavery in French colonies • Abolished the Catholic Church

  8. Reforms of the Republic • Other reforms to rid France of Old Regime: • Converted to metric system • Adopted new calendar • New street names • No formal pronouns or titles

  9. The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way! • The Sans-Culottes (“without knee breeches”) – shopkeepers, artisans, & workers – were in charge

  10. The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way! • Rejected elaborate clothing • Called each other “citizen” & “citizeness” • Considered patriotic

  11. Symbols of the Revolution

  12. Revolutionary Slogan: • “liberte, egalite, fraternite” • “Liberty, equality, fraternity!”

  13. The new French flag - tricolor

  14. The Phrygian Cap of Liberty

  15. The new anthem – The Marseillaise To arms, citizens! Form your battalions, Let us march, let us march!

  16. Execution of the King

  17. Execution of the King • In 1793, King Louis is tried, convicted, and beheaded for treason by radicals “Iforgive those who are guilty of my death…”

  18. Execution of the King • Execution of the king threatened foreign thrones • Monarchs of Great Britain, Spain, & Netherlands joined Austria & Prussia in an alliance against France “The kings in alliance try to frighten us, but we hurl at their feet, as a gauge of battle, the French king’s head” - Danton

  19. The National Convention

  20. Two Groups in the National Convention • JACOBINS (extreme radicals): • Supported by sans-culottes • Had voted to execute Louis XVI • Leaders: Robespierre, Danton & Marat

  21. Two Groups in the National Convention • GIRONDISTS (moderate radicals) • Felt revolution had gone far enough • Wanted to protect wealthy middle class • Wanted to spread ideas

  22. The Committee of Public Safety

  23. Committee of Public Safety • Formed by Jacobins to direct war/repel foreign invasion • Adopted conscription (the draft)

  24. Committee of Public Safety • Also dealt with counter-revolutionarieswithin France (those who wanted to stop the Revolution) • Formed the Revolutionary Tribunal – court for suspected counter-revolutionaries

  25. Committee of Public Safety • Jacobins arrest Girondists as being secret royalists! • Why?

  26. Committee of Public Safety • Girondists retaliate! • Charlotte Corday, (Girondist) killed Jacobin leader Marat

  27. Committee of Public Safety • His assassination used as an excuse for: • the Reign of Terror...

  28. The Reign of Terror

  29. The Reign of Terror! • Led by Radicals (especially Robespierre) • Hunted down suspected traitors & counter-revolutionaries & turned them over to the Revolutionary Tribunal

  30. The Reign of Terror • Swift trials and harsh sentences • Marie Antoinette executed • Over 80% of those killed are commoners • 40,000 dead total

  31. The Reign of Terror • By spring of 1794, France was winning the war & increased French territory • People called for an end to the Terror but… • Robespierre ordered new arrests!!

  32. The Thermidor Reaction (July) • Robespierre himself is sent to the guillotine as people seek an end to the Reign of Terror • The people called for a new government

  33. The Directory

  34. The Directory • Another new constitution is written • Government under the control of the wealthy middle class • Only men with property could vote • Executive council of 5 men called Directors • 2-house legislature (bicameral) • Doesn’t last long…

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