Logo Lesson 3

1. Logo Lesson 3 TBE 540 Fall 2004 Farah Fisher

2. Prerequisites for Lesson 3 • Before beginning this lesson, the student must be able to… • Use simple Logo commands to make a shape. • Create and edit a procedure. • Use the following commands appropriately • POTS • SAVE • LOAD

3. Objectives for Lesson 3 • After completing this lesson, the student will be able to… • Move the turtle to any screen position. • Determine the turtle’s screen position. • Explain the term variable. • Create procedures with variable input, using MAKE and RANDOM.

4. Logo Screen Positions • The position of the Logo turtle on the screen is described by two numbers - a horizontal and a vertical coordinate. • The center of the screen is the turtle’s home. Its designation is [0 0], and all other coordinates are measured from there. • It is very much like graphing in algebra.

5. Logo Screen Positions • The first of the two numbers describes the horizontal distance in turtle steps right or left of the center. • For example, in the position [10 15], the 10 represents 10 turtle steps to the right of the center. • In the position [-25 10], the -25 represents 25 turtle steps to the left of the center.

6. Logo Screen Positions • The second of the two numbers describes the vertical distance in turtle steps above or below the center. • For example, in the position [10 15], the 15 represents 15 turtle steps above the center. • In the position [25 -10], the -10 represents 10 turtle steps below the center.

7. Guess the Positions • Make your best guess about the positions. Click to see the answers. 2 1 4 3

8. Guess the Positions • Possible screen positions (depending on Logo version) [-100 50] 2 1 [ 150 75] 4 [ 25 -25] 3 [0 -50]

9. Position Commands • PR POS is the command used to print (in the command window) the current position of the turtle. • SETPOS [numbernumber] or SETXY (numbernumber) sets the position of the turtle. • SETX number changes only the first number • SETY number changes only the second number • HOME returns the turtle to [ 0 0 ]

10. Challenge • What shape do you think would result from these commands (assume turtle starts at [0 0])? Click to see the answer. • SETPOS [ 0 25 ] • SETPOS [ 25 25 ] • SETPOS [ 25 0 ] • SETPOS [ 0 0 ] or HOME

11. Challenge • The commands make a square! [0 25] [25 25] [25 0] [0 0]

12. Logo Variables • A variable is a letter or word that represents a number that can vary (thus the term variable). • In Logo, variables often have a colon in front of the letter or word. • Sample Logo variables - • :L2 :WIDTH :NAME :X

13. Logo Variables • Variables must be assigned a value. • The Logo command MAKE is often used to “fill up” a variable. • For example, the command below puts the number 17 into the variable called :NUM (notice the quote and lack of colon) MAKE “NUM 17

14. Logo Variables • See if you can determine the final value of :Z after the commands below. (NOTE: * means multiply, / means divide) • MAKE “Z 25 • MAKE “Z :Z * 2 • MAKE “Z :Z + 10 • MAKE “Z :Z / 2

15. Logo Variables • :Z becomes 30 after several calculations. • MAKE “Z 25 (:Z starts at 25) • MAKE “Z :Z * 2 (:Z is multiplied by 2, :Z = 50) • MAKE “Z :Z + 10 (10 is added to :Z, :Z = 60) • MAKE “Z :Z / 2 (:Z is divided by 2, :Z = 30)

16. Logo Variables • After you define the value of a variable, you can use it in Logo commands in place of any number. • Examples: • FD :X • RT :D2 • REPEAT 4 [ FD :SIZE RT 90 ]

17. RANDOM • Logo variables can also be filled with random numbers. • The RANDOM command returns a number from 0 to a set limit. • Example: RANDOM 10 returns a number between 0 and 9. • Example: 1 + RANDOM 100 returns a number between 1 and 100.

18. RANDOM • Examples of MAKE with RANDOM • MAKE “Z RANDOM 15 • :Z becomes a number between 0 and 14 • MAKE “H23 1 + RANDOM 10 • :H23 becomes a number between 1 and 10 • MAKE “LENGTH 10 + RANDOM 50 • :LENGTH becomes a number between 10 and 59 (10 + 0 to 10 + 49)

19. Samples of Procedures with Variables (MAKE/RANDOM) • A variable size SQUARE • TO SQUARE • MAKE “SIZE 10 + RANDOM 100 • REPEAT 4 [FD :SIZE RT 90] • END

20. Samples of Procedures with Variables (MAKE/RANDOM) • A variable size TRIANGLE • TO TRIANGLE • MAKE “SIZE 25 + RANDOM 50 • REPEAT 3 [FD :SIZE RT 120] • END

21. Samples of Procedures with Variables (MAKE/RANDOM) • A variable size RECTANGLE • TO RECTANGLE • MAKE “S1 25 + RANDOM 50 • MAKE “S2 25 + RANDOM 100 • REPEAT 2 [FD :S1 RT 90 FD :S2 RT 90] • END

22. Another Way to Fill a Variable • You can also fill up a variable by defining it when you “run” a procedure. • Look at this procedure: • TO SQUARE :S • REPEAT 4 [FD :S RT 90] • END • Somehow, the :S needs a value.

23. Another Way to Fill a Variable • To start this procedure… • TO SQUARE :S • REPEAT 4 [FD :S RT 90] • END • …you would type SQUARE 50 or SQUARE 100 or SQUARE 87 • The number you type after the procedure name fills the variable.

24. Another Way to Fill a Variable • Another example: • TO TRIANGLE :F • REPEAT 3 [FD :F RT 120] • END • To draw a triangle with sides of 50, type TRIANGLE 50 to start the procedure.

25. Another Way to Fill a Variable • Consider this example: • TO RECTANGLE :L :W • REPEAT 2 [FD :L RT 90 FD :W RT 90] • END • You would need two numbers after the name of the procedure (the first becomes :L and the second becomes :W): • RECTANGLE 50 100 • RECTANGLE 40 40

26. Self Check Lesson 3 • In the screen below, what is the best estimate of the turtle’s position? • [-50 50] • [50 -50] • [50 50] • [-50 -50]

27. Self Check Lesson 3 • In the screen below, what is the best estimate of the turtle’s position? • [-50 50] • [50 -50] • [50 50] • [-50 -50] 50 -50

28. Self Check Lesson 3 • Which of the following could not be the name of a Logo variable? • :Z • :The Size • :SIZE • :B123

29. Self Check Lesson 3 • Which of the following could not be the name of a Logo variable? • :Z • :The Size {no spaces allowed} • :SIZE • :B123

30. Self Check Lesson 3 • What will be the value of :BIG after the Logo commands below? • MAKE “BIG 5 • MAKE “BIG :BIG + 25 • MAKE “BIG :BIG - 7

31. Self Check Lesson 3 • What will be the value of :BIG after the Logo commands below? • MAKE “BIG 5 {:BIG=5} • MAKE “BIG :BIG + 25 {:BIG=30} • MAKE “BIG :BIG - 7 {:BIG=23}

32. Self Check Lesson 3 • Suppose you want a randomly chosen number between 1 and 10. Which of the following would generate that number? • RANDOM 10 • RANDOM 1 + 10 • RANDOM 10 + 1

33. Self Check Lesson 3 • Suppose you want a randomly chosen number between 1 and 10. Which of the following would generate that number? • RANDOM 10 {0 TO 9} • RANDOM 1 + 10 {10.0 TO 10.999} • RANDOM 10 + 1

34. Self Check Lesson 3 • Suppose you have entered the procedure below. What would you type to use it to draw a SQUARE with sides of 50? • TO SQUARE :X • REPEAT 4 [FD :X RT 90] • END • SQUARE • SQUARE 50 • TO SQUARE 50

35. Self Check Lesson 3 • Suppose you have entered the procedure below. What would you type to use it to draw a SQUARE with sides of 50? • TO SQUARE :X • REPEAT 4 [FD :X RT 90] • END • SQUARE • SQUARE 50 • TO SQUARE 50

36. Try Some Exercises • Practice with procedures at http://www.csudh.edu/fisher/tbe540/LW3A.htm • Check out screen positions at http://www.csudh.edu/fisher/tbe540/LW3.htm • Try the hand-on exercise at http://www.csudh.edu/fisher/tbe540/LEX3.htm