Unit 3: Birth of Modern America

1. Unit 3: Birth of Modern America

2. Chapter 10 Urban America

3. I. Immigration

4. European Immigration 1. New Immigrants a.Over the course of the 19th century, the sources of immigrants for the United States changed (Old Immigrants = North & Western Europeans b. “New immigrants” came from southern and eastern Europe

6. New Immigrants into the US

7. Not all immigrants came to US

8. 2. Push/Pull Immigration Factors - US

9. Pull Push

10. Those hateful bullies have gone too far. First they rode through town shouting terrible things about us. Next, they wrecked our synagogue. Now they break into our homes! The police do nothing to stop them. I'm afraid it is time to leave. --Nina, Russia, 1890 Push or Pull? Jewish men look at the damage to a building after Russians ransacked their village.

11. 3. The Atlantic Voyage a.difficult, long b. most in steerage: most basic, cheapest accommodations on the ship

12. Typical ship

13. Renze Kampstra and family 4. Ellis Island NY a.Most European immigrants disembarked and were processed at Ellis Island b. immigrants were subject to a medical exam; provided various documentation c. Families could become separated

14. 5. Ethnic Cities – allowed immigrants to adjust to US a.most settled in cities - cheapest housing - most economic opportunities - convenience to transportation b. often lived in neighborhoods separated by ethnic group (see pg 347) = preserved their culture c. Immigrants adjusted well if.. - learned English quickly - adapted to American culture - they had marketable skills or $ - settled among members of their own ethnic group

15. Mulberry Street – New York City’s “Little Italy” c 1900

16. Little Italy Today

17. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

18. Hester Street – Jewish Section

19. 1900RoshHashanahGreetingCard

20. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

21. B. Asian Immigration 1. Push/Pull Factors behind Asian Immigration

22. 2. Angel Island a.Modeled after New York’s Ellis Island b. point of entry for the majority of Asian immigrants

23. In America, we are all immigrants – or children of immigrants. Do you know where you came from – and when?

24. C. Resurgence of Nativism 1. Nativism a. favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign born people and a desire to limit immigration b. 1840s-50s: focus on Irish c. Late 1800s: focus on Asians, Jews, E. Eur. d. Reasons for opposing immigration - feared influx of Catholics would give Catholic Church too much power in US gov’t - labor union opposition b/c immigrants work for low wages, become strikebreakers – undermine all efforts of unions to achieve higher pay, fewer working hrs, better working conditions

25. 2. Anti-Immigrant Organizations a. American Protective Assoc. - goal to stop Catholic immigration b. Workingman’s Party of California – goal to stop Chinese immigration 3. Anti-immigration laws a. 1882 – immigration ban on convicts, paupers, mentally disabled + 50¢ tax b. 1882-1902 – Chinese Exclusion Act – ban Chinese immigration & prevent Chinese already here from becoming citizens

26. Nativism Lives On……

27. II. Urbanization Chicago

28. NewUse ofSpace NewClassDiversity NewArchitectural Style New Energy NewSymbols ofChange &Progress The City as aNew “Frontier?” New Culture(“Melting Pot”) Make a NewStart New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption

29. Americans Migrate to the City 1. Statistics a.1840: 131 US cities; 1900: 1700 US cities b. Growth of old cities

30. 2. Immigrants flock to city factories a. Lack $$ to buy farms b. Lack education for higher-paying jobs 3. Standard of living better in US a. Work long hrs for low pay but…. b. Social Mobility - Europe: rigid social class system - US: accepted that all could rise in society – possible to move from working class to middle class

31. Struggling Immigrant Families

32. 3. Rural Americans move to cities a. More jobs, higher pay b. More amenities: lights, running water, modern plumbing c. More to do: museum, libraries, theaters

33. B. New Urban Environment 1. Skyscrapers a.Thanks to steel, durable plate glass, elevators b. Necessity: expensive/scarce land – build up, not out c. NYC = most skyscrapers c. The First Home Insurance Building, Chicago, IL

34. Louis Sullivan • 1856 – 1924 • The ChicagoSchool ofArchitecture • Form followsfunction!

35. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC,1897

36. Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

37. Frank Lloyd Wright • 1869 – 1959 • “Prairie House”School of Architecture • “OrganicArchitecture” • Function follows form!

38. Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915

39. Frank Lloyd Wright:Hollyhock House [Los Angeles], 1917

40. Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936

41. Interior of “Falling Waters”

42. F. L. Wright Furniture

43. F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.

44. Frank Lloyd Wright:Susan Lawrence Dana House, Springfield, IL - 1902

45. Frank Lloyd Wright:Johnson Wax Bldg. – Racine, WI, 1936

46. Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959

47. 2. Mass Transit a.Horsecar1890 = 70% urban traffic So what’s the problem? • Horses deposited tons of feces and gallons of urine on the streets every day (each horse = 24 lbs manure/day) • A horse could work only part of the day, but would eat all day • A horse car could run all day, but it would require many changes of horses • A line's investment in horses could be wiped out by diseases like the Great Epizootic of 1872. • Horses could not pull cars up steep hills • When they died, were left on streets to decompose History of the Horsecar

48. b. Cable Cars - Began in SF - Pulled along tracks by underground cables c. Electric Trolley Car – Frank J. Sprague Electric Trolley Car Cable Car

49. Late 19th century street congestion

50. d. Relieving Congestion on City Streets - Chicago: Elevated Trains - NYC, Boston: Subways Chicago’s “EL” NYC’s Subway