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Double Functions

Double Functions. To walk you through the Ming-Qing Transition. To show you how to put together an essay in a logical manner. Rocks Yang. Plants/Flowers Nature. Water Yin. Architecture/ Literature/Art Culture. Components in a Chinese Garden Complement each other.

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Double Functions

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  1. Double Functions • To walk you through the Ming-Qing Transition • To show you how to put together an essay in a logical manner

  2. Rocks Yang Plants/Flowers Nature Water Yin Architecture/ Literature/Art Culture Components in a Chinese GardenComplement each other

  3. Epiphanies from Chinese Gardens • 1. Appositional vs. oppositional: • Internal relationship among those major components: they complement each other; • External relationship to its environment • Fusion of subjectivity and objectivity • 2. One Can Never See the Whole Scene of a Chinese Garden—Same/Different flowers in different seasons; • Same plants and tress in different seasons • Our knowledge is forever partial as fresh combinations in scenes are infinite; Symbolic meaning of bamboo:

  4. Focal Point/EmphasisFigure/ground Contrast • Definition: A focal point is the element in a painting that pulls in the viewer's eye, that is the center of attention or the main subject. You can emphasize a focal point through the painting's composition, through color, and through the range of tones you use.

  5. Figure/Ground SwitchDepending on perspectives • Rubin's vase (sometimes known as the Rubin face or the Figure-ground vase) is a famous set of cognitive optical illusions developed around 1915 by the Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin.

  6. “Find the Moth” 39Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis Images 16Figure-Ground Contrast Blurred/Blended

  7. Empathy: A fusion of subjectivity and objectivity • UW Fountain/Mountain View • To complement something is not a passive act; • View-borrowing is two-way traffic

  8. Empathyan encounter between the self and the other • 1. the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another. • 2. the imaginative ascribing to an object, as a natural object or work of art, feelings or attitudes present in oneself: By means of empathy, a great painting becomes a mirror of the self.

  9. Empathy and Sympathy • are relationships based on Shared Emotions & Understanding. Empathy is understood as the ability to mutually experience the thoughts, emotions, and direct experience of others without them being directly communicated intentionally. • Sympathy is a feeling of care and understanding for suffering beings. • Both have similar usage but differ in their emotional meaning.

  10. Empathy vs. sympathy • The ability to co-experience and relate to the thoughts, emotions, or experience of another without them being communicated directly by the individual • The ability to understand and to support the emotional situation or experience of another being with compassion and sensitivity

  11. Principles for architectural designs • The Wall/Memorial is blended in as part of the landscape instead of asserting its dominant presence regardless its environment: one end points at the Lincoln Memorial, and the other points at the Washington Monument; together, they make up a trilogy—the self becoming part of the other or wise versa; • Pay attention to interrelations;

  12. The Vietnam Memorial Wall

  13. Names on the WallChronologically ListedAn act of Empathy

  14. Act of Empathy/Lack of Empathy • The self and the other is fused/delicately balanced; • Two features in Confucius’ five-fold relationship: • 1. Hierarchy • 2. Reciprocity • Lack of empathy leads to endless troubles in human affairs; • Tyranny of the minority/individual; tyranny of the majority/community

  15. (Before) taking one step, examine (at least) three steps aheadzǒu yí bù kàn sān bù 走 一 步， 看 三 步 • In Tao Te Ching, Laozi states that “Governing a large state is like boiling a small fish.” Laozi, Tao Te Ching. Trans. by D. C. Lau. (1963; rpt. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2001), 87. http://nothingistic.org/library/laotzu/ (60) • Governing a (large) state is like playing chess.—Weizhi Gao • No short-sighted/ • Band-Aid solutions; • A headache is a just symptom; • Causes may vary. • Function like a Chinese doctor/woodpecker

  16. The Function of “The Sisters” in DublinersDiagnosis for the entire book • Diagnosis • Write like a woodpecker • Four ways to diagnose: • Observe • Smell • Ask • Feel the pulse • Comprehensive treatment/root

  17. Synergy • Synergy (positive, careful planning) • Plan ahead; • Plant a piece/seed here and there; • Create a symphony out of all synergy; • Synergy (negative) • Short-sighted measures/moves or Band-Aid solutions could create some ripple effect; its consequences could burst like pent-waters;

  18. Quantitative & QualitativeChanges and Transformation • Before a situation tips, there are signs of troubles that often escape our sight; • As a leader for the next generation, you need to diagnose a situation like a woodpecker but treat the illness like a Chinese doctor—comprehensively/root • 防患于未然【fánghuànyúwèirán】 • nip in the bud (state).

  19. Transition in Dynasties • 1. The enduring challenge is how to unify and govern China/How to Tame the Yellow River—the Loess Plateau; • 2. Dynasties embrace ancient virtues: benevolence (Confucianism); the Natural Way (Daoism); and the Law (Legalism-reward and punishment) • 3. What happens in the transitions? • A case study of the Ming-Qing Transition

  20. Question 1 (group presentation)What leads to the Fall of Ming? • Random list (314) • Rational List • Chronological • Inverted Pyramid • Climactic (Progressive intensive) • Internal/external

  21. Types of Cause • 1. multiple contributory causes (it is rare that a single cause can fully explain a complex phenomenon); • 2. Causal chains: a set of linked causes in which one cause leads to another and then another until a result is achieved; • 3. interactive causes: causes rarely operate independently; they affect each other

  22. Ripple Effect of Natural Disasters • The Little Ice age (1300-1850) on a larger scale • Food shortages • Aggravated by laid-off soldiers in search of food; • Instead of easing the pressure, the government increased taxes • Li Zicheng uprising: “Equal-field/Tax Exemption 均田免赋” his popular slogan attracted thousands; • In 1644, Li Zicheng took over Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in Jingshan Park. • “The Shun Dynasty” founded by Li Zicheng lasted from February 8 to June 5 in 1644.

  23. End of The Ming DynastyRole of Li Zicheng: Direct Catalyst • “The time is out of joint: O cursed spite,That ever I was born to set it right!”—Hamlet (Irony) • Natural disasters/food shortage due to the “Little Ice Age”; • Dong Zhongshu’s “correlative cosmology” • Li Zicheng (1606–1645) Uprising (Shun Dynasty 大順, “suitable” for about four months); Nicknamed as a “dashing king” brain vs. bran

  24. Emperor Chongzhen崇祯killing his daughter before committing suicide 1644

  25. Fiscal Problems 314Riots over Rent vs. supplies of silver • Internal/Domestic issue/disorder • Linked/connected to external/diplomatic relationship with Japan • Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–1598) Result: Korean and Chinese victory; Japanese withdrawal from the peninsula. • 1639, cut-throat move

  26. Part and Whole • 牵一发而动全身[qiānyífà‘érdòngquánshēn] • pull one hair and you move the whole body; a slight move in one part may affect the situation as a whole

  27. Internal Power Struggle If there is no tiger in the mountains, a monkey will claim the throne • Eunuchs control the court—Wei Zhongxian (1568~1627) • Donglin Academy: fighting corruption (1624) • Impeachment of Wei Zhongxian (24 crimes) • (Yang Lian 杨涟 • /Zuo Guangdou/左光斗、Huang Zunsu 黄尊素、Zhou Shunchang 周顺昌

  28. Weaknesses of the Imperial Institution (273-274) • Question 3 in Worksheet 7 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_Dynasty • 20 emperors, most of them • good-for-nothing • Review “Canon of Yao”--禅让【shàn ràng】 abdicate or hand over the crown to another (virtuous and capable) person and 世袭【shì xí】 (generational) hereditary. • 斑竹【bānzhú】 mottled bamboo (éhuáng/nǚyīng • 娥皇/女英: Emperor’s Shun’s wives)

  29. Two Steps/Three LevelsPrecision and Generalization • Precision (Step up (to it) at three levels • Textual analysis • Contextual Information (historical/biographical, etc.) • Inter-textual connections • Generalization • Step back (from it) • Broader perspective • Identify/Infer larger patterns that apply to other dynasties/dynastic changes

  30. Question 2“The Yangzhou Massacre” vs.Qing’s glorious accomplishments • “The Yangzhou Massacre” (East Asia 317; Sourcebook 271-279) • Shi Kefa史可法 • Question on the source/number of people actually killed • Territorial expansion • Prosperity and peace--4 times the annual land tax was canceled (319) • Maintaining Chinese language and cultural heritage/ • architecture

  31. The Qing Dynasty1644–1911 (268 years) • The second dynasty ruled by a minority ethnic group; • The first one is the Yuan Dynasty ruled by Mongols (1271–1368) • 12 emperors • Qing’s national flag

  32. Territorial Expansion during the Qing Dynasty • 1661—Zheng Chenggong chased the Dutch out of Taiwan that fell under the Dutch rule since 1602; • 1681-1683: Battle against the Ming loyalists and incorporated Taiwan into China proper; • Since 1696, Mongolia accepted Qing rule due to its military supremacy—cannons/muskets vs. bows and arrrows; in 1921, Outer Mongolia split away; • 1718, military presence in Tibet that was under Mongol’s rule; • Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces • Manchus’ own territory: Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, part of Korea (in 1616, Nurhaci declared war on the Ming Dynasty) • Part of Sichuan (Zhang Xianzhong)

  33. Map of the Ming Dynasty1368 to 1644

  34. Territory of the Qing Dynasty

  35. Rise of the Manchus • After thirty years of struggle, the Jurchen 女真 chief Nurhaci ([ˌnʊəˈhɑːtʃɪ] 努爾哈赤) combined the three Jurchen tribes and founded the Later Jin Dynasty (1616–1636). Nurhaci's eighth son and heir, Huáng Tàijí (皇太極), later changed the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635. The next year, he changed the name of the Later Jin to Qing in 1636.

  36. Why Nurhaci Rebelled against the Ming Dynasty • In 1616, Nurhaci declared war on the Ming Dynasty • “Seven Grievances” • http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html • Over Ming’s favoritism over Yehe tribe

  37. Qing’s Army: the Eight Banners (East Asia 321)Production/Military Combined • Qing’s military organization is based on Jurchen’s model of hunting/troops dispatching: every ten men as a group. • In 1601, Nurhaci established four banners: Yellow, red, white and blue. • In 1615, it is expanded to eight. • Plain Yellow/Boarded Yellow; Plain Red/Boarded Red/Plain White/Boarded White; Plain Blue/Boarded Blue

  38. Originals & derivativesThe Eight Banners (321)

  39. Evaluation ofThe Banner System • Although the banners were instrumental in the Qing Empire takeover of China proper in the 17th century from the Ming Empire, they began to fall behind rising Western powers in the 18th century, and were to ultimately become highly ineffective in modern warfare by the second half of the 19th century. The later banners proved unable to defeat Western powers, such as Britain, in the Opium Wars and were also seriously challenged by the Taiping Rebellion.

  40. Imperial Summer Resort 1703 -1792, Hebei Province

  41. The Kangxi Dictionary (1716)Standardized 214 Radicals • The supplemented dictionary contains 47,035 character entries, plus 1,995 graphic variants, giving a total of 49,030 different characters. They are grouped under the 214 radicals and arranged by the number of additional strokes in the character. Although these 214 radicals were first used in the Zihui, due to the popularity of the Kangxi Dictionary they are known as Kangxi radicals and remain in modern usage as a method to categorize traditional Chinese characters.

  42. The Complete Tang Poems • In 1705, on Kangxi's order, a compilation of Tang poetry, the Quantangshi, was produced. • 1. Not complete • 2. overlapping • 3. no references/sources given

  43. 四库全书 Siku Quanshuthe Complete Books of the Four Treasures • During the height of the Qing Dynasty in the 18th century CE, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Siku quanshu, to demonstrate that the Qing could surpass the Ming Dynasty's 1403 Yongle Encyclopedia, which was the world's largest encyclopedia at the time. • The editorial board included 361 scholars, with Ji Yun (紀昀) and Lu Xixiong (陸錫熊) as chief editors. They began compilation in 1773 and completed it in 1782.

  44. Emperor Qian Long(East Asia 320-321) http://uwch-4.humanities.washington.edu/~WG/~188/Source%20Book%20for%20Sinology/ • Jĩng (经"Classics") Chinese classic texts—green color • Shǐ (史"Histories") histories and geographies from Chinese history—red color • Zĭ (子"Masters") philosophy, arts, sciences from Chinese philosophy—blue color • Jí (集"Collections") anthologies from Chinese literature—grey color • 322 • “Random Notes from Prison” • 丛书【cóngshū】 a series of books; collection

  45. “Random Notes from Prison”By Fang Bao1668-1749 • East Asia 322 • the Complete Books of the Four Treasures, grand in scale • Many books are also damaged due to censorship;

  46. Three Ancient ProjectsThe Three “Great Walls” • How to use Index for a quick access • Expand your group project/midterm/final paper • The Great Wall (51/275-276*) from the Qin to Ming Dynasty—military function • The Grand Canal (East Asia 377)—economic function • The Complete Books of the Four Treasures (East Asia 321)—cultural significance

  47. Types of EvidenceTo enrich your essay • 1. Statistical evidence • 2. Anecdotal evidence (humorous stories) • 3. Testimonial: Commercials that use spokespersons to testify about the quality of a company’s product, lawyers who rely on eye-witness accounts  to win a case, and students who quote an authority in their essays are all using testimonial evidence.  • 4. Analogical evidence (reason with analogy)

  48. Question 3The Wrath of Wu Sangui vs.The Wrath of Achilles (Homer) • 1. the role of Individual leaders at a critical moment • “The Law of the Few”—The Tipping Point • Power of an idea/ideal--12 representatives at the first conference of the Chinese Communist Party (1921 in Shanghai) • 2. What influence one’s decision/change one’s perspective at a critical moment? • Ethos/Pathos/Logos • The Wrath of Wu Sangui vs. the Wrath of Achilles

  49. What is the right thing to doat a critical moment? • What would be the alternative? • Imagine if Wu Sangui did not open the gate to Shanhaiguan, how could history be rewritten? • DVD on the Great Wall • Is it a curse or blessing for the Chinese people?

  50. Role of Wu Sangui(1612 – 1678) • a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644. Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both the Ming and the Qing dynasties, Wu declared himself Emperor of China as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in 1678, but his revolt was quelled by the Qing Kangxi Emperor.

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