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An Introduction to Dip-Pen Nanolithography

An Introduction to Dip-Pen Nanolithography. What is DPN?. Direct-write patterning technique based on AFM scanning probe technology AFM tip is coated with “ink” and used to write on surface Very reliable bottom-up process (ink deposition rate can be precisely controlled).

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An Introduction to Dip-Pen Nanolithography

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  1. An Introduction to Dip-Pen Nanolithography

  2. What is DPN? • Direct-write patterning technique based on AFM scanning probe technology • AFM tip is coated with “ink” and used to write on surface • Very reliable bottom-up process (ink deposition rate can be precisely controlled) Baselt, David. California Institute of Technology. 1993. Images obtained at <http://stm2.nrl.navy.mil/how-afm/how-afm.html>

  3. What is DPN? (continued) • Compatible with both hard and soft matter on lengthscales below 100 nm • Capable of depositing arrays of biomolecules on various materials (metals, semiconductors, functionalized surfaces) • Biomolecules can be directly deposited on the surface in ambient temperature, no exposure to etchants, electron beams, or radiation

  4. Advantages of DPN • Resolution - 15nm • Direct write so only where you want and what you want • Based on AFM - can write and see • Ambient conditions Image from J. Haaheim et al. Ultramicroscopy 103 (2005) 122

  5. Advantages continued • More than one layer • Can work with multiple “inks” at once • Organic and inorganic inks • Bottom-up and top-down

  6. Ink Theory • Inks: small organic molecules, organic and biological polymers, colloidal particles, metals ions C. A. Mirkin et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2004, 32.

  7. Ink Theory (continued) • Ink-substrate combinations • Tip-substrate molecular transport • Chemical makeup and purity (ink and surface) • Shape of tip • Distribution of ink on tip • Temperature • Humidity of surroundings • Solubility of ink

  8. AFM Tip Deposited molecules Water meniscus Solid substrate surface Ink Theory (continued) • Water meniscus from ambient moisture • Humidity controlled box Modeled after the diagram in R.D. Piner, J. Zhu, F. Xu, S. H. Hong, C. A. Mirkin, Science1999, 283, 661.

  9. Current Applications • DPN is specially advantageous to biomolecular manipulation • DNA and protein arrays are being fabricated as detection chips • DPN resolution is four to five orders of magnitude greater than other lithographic techniques: ultra-high density nanoarrays Image courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Obtained at: <http://homer.hsr.ornl.gov/CBPS/Arraytechnology/ZFChipSM.jpg>

  10. Obstacles • Most are currently being addressed • Speed • Matching inks to substrates, correct conditions • Smooth surfaces to work on • Turning the write head on/off at will

  11. Future Applications • Parallel arrays • Passive probe array • Duplicate a pattern multiple times • Independent control of each probe tip • Create complex arrays at high speeds • Automated tip coating and ink delivery • Microfluidic technology – possible ink wells for dipping of probe tip

  12. Sources • C. A. Mirkin et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2004, 43, 30-45. • Baselt, David. California Institute of Technology. 1993. Images obtained at http://stm2.nrl.navy.mil/how-afm/how-afm.html • J. Haaheim et al. Ultramicroscopy 103 (2005) 122 • Gerding, J. D. et al. Journal of American Chemical Soc. 2005 127. 1106-1107. • R.D. Piner, J. Zhu, F. Xu, S. H. Hong, C. A. Mirkin, Science 1999, 283, 661. • Oak Ridge National Laboratory. http://homer.hsr.ornl.gov/CBPS/Arraytechnology/

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