PREAMBLE OF Electromechanical Energy Conversion-I

1. PREAMBLE OFElectromechanical Energy Conversion-I

2. PREAMBLE STRUCTURE • HOLLISTIC FIX • KEY CONCEPT • KEY RESEARCH AREA • KEY APPLICATION • INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION • RESEARCH • HOW WE STUDY • KEY JOBS • PROJECTS ONE CAN DO • TRENDS INDEX

3. 1. NAME OF THE INSTRUCTOR-satyavir singh 2. CABIN LOCATION-Electric Machine Lab (109) 3. TELEPHONENO.-9555132290 4. EMAIL-ID-eee401.hcst@gmail.com 5. MEETING HOURS– 1.00PM-2.00 PM TEACHERS INTRODUCTION

4. Why we study EMEC-I We are studying electrical machines so how to excess electricity.

5. PREREQUISITES • Basic Knowledge of Electromagnetism (Before 12th standard) • (12th standard) • Basic Knowledge of • Electric circuits • AC Fundamentals • Electromagnetism • Usage of Complex Number Theory, Vector Representation & its applications • From 1st semester • Phasors for resistive , capacitive and inductive loads. • Star-Delta connection. • Conversion of star into delta and vice versa .Knowledge of Waveforms HOLLISTIC FIX OF Electromechanical Energy Conversion-I

6. HOLLISTIC FIX………Continued • PRE REQUISTES • (4th Semester) • Basic Laws of electrical Engineering .Ohm’ law .Kirchhoff’s laws .Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction .Ampere’s law .Lorentz’s law .Lenz’s law .Biot sevart’s law .Maxwell’s laws • Electrical elements • Electric circuit analysis • Magnetic circuit analysis

7. ADVANCE COURSE (5th-8th SEM) • EMEC-II • Power System Analysis • Switch Gear & Protection • Elements of Power System • Power Electronics • Special Electrical Machines (Elective-I) • Electric Drives (Elective-III) HOLLISTIC FIX OF EMEC-I ………CONTINUED

8. SCOPE IN RELATED FIELDS… • HydroPower plants • Nuclear Power Plant • Steam Power Plant • Electric Rail Engines • Electric locomotives • MHD Generator • Robotics HOLLISTIC FIX OF EMEC-I ………CONTINUED

9. Discovery of Electricity First of all, electricity was always there, and only was dicovered. William Gilbert (Gilberd) discovered electricity in 1550. He was the first person to experiment with electricity and publish his findings. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, not electricity Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil to SHOW effects of electricity.

10. Theory of Electricity An electric generator (Long ago, a machine that generated electricity was named "dynamo" today's preferred term is "generator".) is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. When a wire or any other electrically conductive material moves across a magnetic field, an electric current occurs in the wire. The large generators used by the electric utility industry have a stationary conductor. A magnet attached to the end of a rotating shaft is positioned inside a stationary conducting ring that is wrapped with a long, continuous piece of wire. When the magnet rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of wire as it passes. Each section of wire constitutes a small, separate electric conductor. All the small currents of individual sections add up to one current of considerable size. This current is what is used for electric power.

11. The role of Thales of Miletus The history of electricity begins not with electricity as we know it today, but with a more rudimentary form of the power which drives our world; static electricity. According to historical documents, the first known discovery of static electricity actually dates back to the 6th century BC, where a man named Thales of Miletus realized rubbing a fur with some other object would cause the two objects to attract each other. Amazed by this phenomenon, he began to rub all kinds of objects together, but had the greatest success with amber; even to the point where he could get sparks to form

12. The turning point for electrical theory Work done in the 1700s on electrical theory turned out to be a major turning point for the field, and is wholly responsible for our modern applications of electricity. During this time, the first capacitor was invented and it was finally determined that static electricity could be transformed into an electric current. Also during this time, Benjamin Franklin established the link between lightning and electricity during his famous kite in a thunderstorm experiment (which may or may not be totally correct). The work of Franklin and his contemporaries gave rise to some of the biggest names in the electrical field. These men included Michael Faraday, Andre Ampere, Georg Simon Ohm, Luigi Galvani, and (perhaps the most well known) Alessandro Volta, all of which have their names permanently attached to some measure of electricity. Together, their work allowed for the creation of anodes, cathodes, and batteries.

13. The electrical theory revolution The early nineteenth century produced even more amazing discoveries in the field of electricity, including work made famous by individuals like Werner von Siemens and John Pender. These men created some of the first companies that were created specifically to examine electricity and its potential to make life easier for humanity. Despite the major breakthroughs during the early nineteenth century, they were nothing compared to what was to come. Great minds like Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Samuel Morse, Antonio Meucci, George Westinghouse, and Alexander Graham Bell worked to create some of the most incredible inventions to ever come from the study of electricity. These inventions included, respectively, the induction motor, the light bulb and a method of distributing electrical energy, the long-range telegraph, the telephone, the first electrically powered locomotive, and the founding of the widely successful telephone industry. All of the research and study in th field of electricity finally culminated in the early twentieth century in what is called as the War of the Currents between Edison, Westinghouse, and Tesla. The three men battled for tJhe public support Aof either direct current (DC) power proposed by Edison and alternating current (AC) proposed by Westinghouse and supported by Tesla. Eventually, it was determined that both types of currents should be used, but in different sectors. Although AC currently dominates, they are both still in use today.

14. Faraday’s laws Faraday's law is a single equation describing two different phenomena 1. Motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (Dynamically induced emf) 2. EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field (Statically induced emf) Lenz’s law "An induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or change causing it"

15. Experiment of Faraday & Henry to learn about the connection between electricity and magnetism. Faraday and Henry performed lots of experiments to learn about the connection between electricity and magnetism. The results of these experiments have led to the life styles of todays men, who made life easy by using lots of electrical applications. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction do not say anything about the direction of the current. The direction is given by Lenz's law

16. Electric Generator or Dynamo Michael Faraday of England and American Joseph Henry separately built the first laboratory models of electric generator in 1832. Frenchmen, Hippolyte Pixii, France built a hand-driven model of an electric generator in 1833. American, Nikola Tesla built the first alternating-current generator in 1892.

17. Key concept Related to Electromechanical Energy Conversion Consider the block diagram depicted below Coupling Field Electric System Mechanic System WE = We + WeL + WeS Energy supplied by an electric source Energy transferred to the coupling field by the electric system Energy losses of the electric system. Basically, I2R Energy stored in the electric o magnetic field

18. Electromechanical Energy Conversion An electromechanical system consists of an electric system, a mechanical system, and a means whereby the electric and mechanical systems can interact through coupling magnetic field. Energy Balance Equation Foe lossless magnetic energy storage system

19. Graphical Interpretation of Energy & Coenergy in singly excited system

20. What is Information? Also watch-- http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/showVideo.php?v=nvmo9voRiSs

21. Armature winding in an a.c. machine 21

22. Transformer and its winding construction. 22

23. Classification of EMEC Devices ELECTRICAL MACHINES AC Machines DC Machines INDUCTION MACHINES SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES SEPERATELY EXCITED SELF EXCITED TRANSFORMER Series Shunt compound Two winding Auto cumulative Differential 1-ph 3-ph 1-ph 3-ph

24. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A D.C. MOTOR 24

25. Function of Commutator (generator) Faraday's disc electric generator. The disc rotates with angular rate ω, sweeping the conducting radius circularly in the static magnetic field B. The magnetic Lorentz force v × B drives the current along the conducting radius to the conducting rim, and from there the circuit completes through the lower brush and the axle supporting the disc. Thus, current is generated from mechanical motion.

26. DC Motor Characteristics The performance of dc motor can be judged from its characteristic curves known as motor characteristics. Following are the three important characteristics of a dc motor:- 1.Torque and Armature current characteristics (Ta/ Ia) 2.Speed and Armature current characteristics (N/Ia) 3.Speed and Torque current characteristics (N/Ta)

27. Characteristics of shunt motors The field current Ish is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the supply voltage V which is assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant. fig: connection diagram of fig-1 (Ta/ Ia) shunt motor

28. (N/Ia) & (N/Ta) Characteristics fig-2 (N/ Ia) fig-3 (N/Ta)

29. Characteristics of series motors Note that current passing through the field winding is the same as that in the armature. If the mechanical load on the motor increases, the armature current also increases. Hence, the flux in a series motor increases with the increase in armature current and vice-versa. fig: connection diagram of series motor fig-1(Ta/ Ia)

30. Characteristics of cumulative compound motors The following fig shows the connection diagram of cumulative compound motor. Each pole carries a series as well as shunt field winding; the series field aiding the shunt field. fig: connection diagram fig-1 Ta/Ia

31. Comparison of three motors 1.The speed regulation of a shunt motor is better than that of a series motor. However the speed regulation of a cumulative compound motor lies between shunt and series motors. (fig-1) 2.For a given armature current, the starting torque of a series motor is more than that of a shunt motor. However, the starting torque of a cumulative compound motor lies between series and shunt motors. (fig-2) 3.Both shunt and cumulative compound motors have definite no load speed. However, a series motor has dangerously high speed at no load. (fig-3)

32. Comparison of three motors contd… fig-1 (N/Ia) fig-2 (Ta/Ia)

33. Research areas in EMEC-I: • Industrial research in the control areas. • New trends in the performance of emec devices. • simulations of motor controllers are available. Key Research Areas Of Electromechanical Energy Conversion

34. Key Jobs & Companies PRIVATE SECTOR  Texas Instruments www.ti.com Alcatel Lucent.www.alcatel-lucent.inNSNwww.nokiasiemensnetworks.comST microelectronicswww.st.comReliance Communications www.relianceinfo.comBharti Airtelwww.airtel.in

35. Electronics Corporation of India Limited. www.ecil.co.in Bharat Electronics Limited. www.bel-india.com Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. www.hal-india.com Defense Research & Development Organization. www.drdo.org Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. www.bsnl.co.in PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS

36. HOW WE STUDY......?

37. Motor controller based projects with automated systems can be designed. • Simulation of the motor performance can be judged. • Small kit based projects can be made. • Different types of kits can be involved in the projects like DSP,MICROCONTROLLERS etc. • Industrial projects can also be made with low cost. • Hybrid projects can also be made which involves simulation and hardware. PROJECTS IN EMEC-I

38. TRENDS IN EMEC-I 1771- Bioelectricity on frog 1827 – Ohms law 1828 – Electric bulb invented 1831 – Theory of Electricity & Magnetism 1842 – Magenetostriction was identified by James Joule

39. THANK YOU