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Taxonomy of AGN - circa 1980

Taxonomy of AGN - circa 1980. Seyfert 1 galaxy Seyfert 2 galaxy QSO Broad Absorption Line (BAL) QSO Liner Quasar Fanaroff/Riley FR1 and FR2 galaxy Broad line radio galaxy Narrow line radio galaxy Flat Spectrum Core Dominant Radio Source Steep Spectrum Lobe Dominant Radio Source

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Taxonomy of AGN - circa 1980

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  1. Taxonomy of AGN - circa 1980 Seyfert 1 galaxy Seyfert 2 galaxy QSO Broad Absorption Line (BAL) QSO Liner Quasar Fanaroff/Riley FR1 and FR2 galaxy Broad line radio galaxy Narrow line radio galaxy Flat Spectrum Core Dominant Radio Source Steep Spectrum Lobe Dominant Radio Source BL Lac object Optically Violent Variable Quasar “Radio-quiet” “Radio-loud”

  2. Two Basic Resources on Unification • Antonucci, R.R.J. 1993, ARAA, 31, 473 – Unification models for AGN & Quasars • Urry & Padovani 1995, PASP, 107, 803 – Radio loud objects only

  3. Ha Hb [O III] 4959,5007 Hg Spectral “Types” of Emission-Line AGN Type 2 Type 1

  4. Ancient History(Rowan-Robinson 1977)

  5. Early Evidence for Aspect-dependent Classification • Alignment of optical polarization PA with radio structure in Type 1 objects (polarization typically <1%). • Anti-alignment of optical polarization PA with radio structure in Type 2 objects (polarization 1-5+%). • General alignment of “ionization cones” with radio structure.

  6. Radio Structure vs. Optical Polarization(Antonucci 1983)

  7. The Hidden Seyfert 1 Nucleus in NGC 1068(Antonucci & Miller 1985) Polarized flux 7500 km/sec Total flux 8 minutes of data in 1998 vs. 20 hrs in 1984!

  8. The Hidden Seyfert 1 Nucleus in NGC 1068(Antonucci & Miller 1985) Dusty, molecular torus

  9. tv ~ 100 R ~ 100-500 pc A Slightly More Modern Picture tv ~ 0.01? R ~few kpc

  10. How the Torus Unifies AGN Classifications Type 1 Type 1.5 Torus axis does not align with the axis of the galaxy! Type 1 in polarized light NLR BLR Type 2 Dust grains

  11. Polarization at High Inclination (Type 2) • Strong polarization • Perpendicular to torus axis

  12. Polarization at Low Inclination (Type 1) • Weak polarization • Parallel to torus axis

  13. Clinching Evidence: Direct imaging of Torus (Ford et al. 1997)

  14. Clinching Evidence: Images of Ionization Cones(e.g., Zakamska et al. 2006)

  15. The LINER Galaxy NGC 4258 N E D = 7 Mpc

  16. H20 Maser Emission from NGC 4258(Miyoshi, Cecil et al. 1992-95) N E From Keplerian velocities of masers, central (black hole) mass is 3.6x107 M¤ v µ r -1/2 Keplerian velocity curves

  17. Polarized Emission Lines from NGC 4258(Wilkes et al. 1995) Dv = 1000 km/s P.A. = 86o

  18. Red and Polarized QSOs from 2MASS (Smith et al. 2000)

  19. A Type 2, Red QSO Comes out of the Closet (Schmidt et al. 2002) Dv = 30,000 km/s!

  20. What is Wrong with these QSOs? (Smith et al. 2003)

  21. Red Type1 QSOs are Polarized! Type 1 objects (All show broad lines)

  22. Reddening/scattering by considerable dust, even in polar directions Hypothesis for Reddened, Polarized Type 1 QSOs NLR BLR Dust grains

  23. Increased Scattering will Cause Reddest QSOs to Appear as Type 1 Regardless of Orientation Deficit of [O III] Surplus of [O III]

  24. Unification of Radio-Quiet AGN Liner? Seyfert 1 galaxy Seyfert 2 galaxy Type 1 QSO BAL QSO? Type 2 QSO “Face-on” “Edge-on” Luminosity

  25. Unification of Radio-Loud AGN BL Lac object = Optically Violent Variable Quasar “Face-on” Broad line radio galaxy FR1, FR2, Narrow line radio galaxy Flat Spectrum Core Dominant Radio Source Steep Spectrum Lobe Dominant Radio Source Quasar “Edge-on” Luminosity

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