10 pt

1. Biological Cognitive Sociocultural Abnormal Authors 5 pt 5 pt 5 pt 5 pt 5 pt 10 pt 10 pt 10 pt 10 pt 10 pt 15 pt 15 pt 15 pt 15 pt 15 pt 20 pt 20 pt 20 pt 20 pt 20 pt 25 pt 25 pt 25 pt 25 pt 25 pt

2. Biological5 ptsState the 3 Principles of the BIO LOA

3. Biological 5 ptsBehaviour is genetically based; can be inherited Animal research may inform our understanding of human behaviorThere are biological correlates of behavior: Cognitions, emotions and behaviours are products of the anatomy and physiology of our nervous and endocrine systems.

4. Biological 10 pts Explain one study related to localization of function

5. Biological 10 ptsSperry (1968) Split brain research (seizures, speech, language) Wernicke, Broca

6. Biological 15 ptsExplain the process of Synaptic Transmission with regard to behaviour.

7. Biological 15 ptsNeural impulses (neurotransmitters) travel down Neuron to Dendrites released and absorbed by receptors (lock and key).

8. Biological 20 pts Discuss ethical considerations in research into genetic influences of behaviour:

9. Biological 20 ptsCan lead to undue stress. Difficulty of obtaining consent. Confidentiality

10. Biological 25 pts Explain functions of two hormones in human behaviour:

11. Biological 25 ptsOxytocin, Cortisol, Adrenaline, Melatonin

12. Cognitive5 ptsOutline the three principles of the COG LOA.

13. Cognitive 5 pts Human beings are information processorsmental representations guide behaviour.Mental processes can be scientifically investigated.Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors.

14. Cognitive 10 ptsDiscuss how and why particular research methods are used at the COG LOA.

15. Cognitive 10 ptsExperiments, Case Studies

16. Cognitive 15 ptsDefine and evaluate Schema Theory.

17. Cognitive 15 pts Limitations of Schema Theory: Mental Representations Cognitive Schema (Definition): A network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about particular aspects of the world. If information is missing, the brain fills in the blanks based on existing schemas, or it simply invents something that seems to fit in leads to distortions. Schema Processing affects memory at all stages: Encoding, Storage, RetrievalNot clear how schemas are acquired in the first place, how they influence cognitive processes “The Brain searches for meaningful patters but does not check to see if they are correct.”

18. Cognitive 20 ptsTo what extent is memory reliable?

19. Cognitive 20 ptsLoftus and Palmer (1974) Loftus on reconstructive memory The nature of questions can alter a person’s memory. Bartlett’s War with Ghosts (1932)Researcher used serial reproduction where one person reproduces the original story, a second person has to reproduce the first production, and so on, until six or seven reproductions have been created. People from Western cultures had difficulty reproducing the story because it was unfamiliar.Story as reproduced became shorter, remained coherent, and became more conventional—retained only the details that could be assimilated to the shared past and cultural background of the participants.According to this study, people reconstruct the past by trying to fit it in to existing schemas. According to this study on memory construction and culture…“Memory is an imaginative reconstruction of experience.”The term reconstructive refers to the brain’s active processing of information to make sense of the world.

20. Cognitive 25 ptsEvaluate two models of theories of memory

21. Cognitive 25 ptsAtkinson & Schiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model:(sensory input) Sensory memory(selective attention) Short-term memory (rehearsal) (encoding) long-term memoryMemory based on separate storesMemory processes are sequentialAttention, Coding, Rehearsal lead to storage in Long Term MemoryBaddeley and Hitch (1974) Working Memory Model: Pezzulo 2007, Working MemoryCentral ExecutivePhonological Loop/ Episodic Buffer/ Visuospatial Sketchpad Long-term storage memoryCentral Executive serves as a controlling system that monitors and coordinates the operations of the other components (slave systems).Central Executive also serves as attentional control. (Automatic vs. Supervisory)Episodic Buffer: Serves as a passive, temporary display until the information is needed.Phonological Loop: Articulatory Control System (inner voice). Phonological Store (inner ear—hold speech)Visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye).Evidence of dual task techniques (multi tasking)Includes active storage and processing of memoryPickering and Gathercole (2001) Working Memory Test for Children

22. Sociocultural 5 pts Outline principles that define the socio-cultural level of analysis:

23. Sociocultural 5 pts 1.  Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to belong; The relationship between the individual and the group is bidirectional--individual affecting group, group affecting individual.  2.  Culture influences behaviour:  Culture is the norms and values of a society.3.  Because Humans are social animals, they have a social self, a collective identity; many behaviours are determined by membership in a group (family, community, club, nationality).

24. Sociocultural 10 pts Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the socio-cultural level of analysis:

25. Sociocultural 10 ptsOvert and covert observations; deception (Asch, Festinger- Crane p.103)Harm to individuals (Zimbardo)

26. Sociocultural 15 pts Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour:

27. Sociocultural 15 pts The Actor-Observer Effect: tendency to attribute one’s own action to external causes while connecting other people’s behaviors to internal causes. It is usually more pronounced in situations with negative outcomes.    Actors cannot observe their own behavior directly, thus overemphasizing the importance of the situation for the reason of their actions. Lee Ross’ study of Fundamental Attribution Error—Crane p.105)      In this study participants(students) were randomly assigned one of three roles;     Observers were then asked to rank the intelligence of the people who had taken part. The game show host was constantly ranked as the most intelligent, even though the were randomly assigned and had written there own questions.        They failed to attribute the role of the person’s situation (asking the questions), instead they attributed performance to dispostional factors such as intelligence.

28. Sociocultural 20 pts Discuss one research study on conformity to group norms:

29. Sociocultural 20 ptsConformity:  The tendency to adjust one’s thought, feelings, or behavior in specific situations.  Minority influence: of social influence that is attributed to exposure to a consistent minority position in a group.Minority influence is generally felt only after a period of time, and tends to produce private acceptance of the views expressed by the minority.Asch (Crane 120)Aim: To fnd out to what extent a person conform to an incorrect answer on a test if the response from the other members of the group was unanimous.

30. Sociocultural 25 pts Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour:

31. Sociocultural 25 ptsIndividualism vs. collectivismMarkus and Kitayama (1991) CRANE p 126 characterized differences between US and Japanese CultureUncertainty vs. Avoidance-uncertainty-members feel comfortable Confucian work dynamism-Bond (1988) argued that it replaces uncertainty/avoidance-focuses on virtue rather than truth-   Long-term orientation  these cultures value persistence, loyalty, and trustworthiness/relationships based on status/must protect the collective identityProxemic Theory – culture’s need for “personal space” Time consciousness -monochronicvs polychromic cultures-mono- focus on one thing at a time/high degree of schedualing, -poly-focus on relationships and interactions.

32. Abnormal 5 ptsDefine “Normality and Abnormality”

33. Abnormal 5 ptsNormality: Abnormality: the subjective experience of feeling “not normal”—intense anxiety, unhappiness, distress

34. Abnormal10 ptsList one biological cause of one Abnormal Disorder

35. Abnormal 10 ptsDepression: genetic predisposition, short variant of 5-HTTT gene, noradrenaline (seratonin), cortisolPTSD: cortisol, noradrenaline (high), Bulimia: increased seratonin levels lower food intake

36. Abnormal 15 ptsDescribe the symptoms and prevalence of one psychological disorder.

37. Abnormal 15 ptsDepression: 2 weeks of a depressed mood, presence of four add. Symptoms—insomnia, appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, thoughts of suicide, difficulty concentrating. 15% of people, 2-3 more women than men.PTSD: lasts more than 30 days in response to a specific stressor. Symptoms—intrusive memories, emotional withdrawal, heightened autonomic arousal, insomnia, hyper vigilance, loss of control over anger, aggressive behaviour. Prevalence—1-3%, 5%lifetime, 10% women, 15-24% of people exposed to traumatic events.Bulimia: 2-3% of women, .02-.03% men, 40% of college women, more common in industrialized countries. Symptoms—binge eating, compensatory methods to prevent weight gain—vomiting, exercise, laxative.

38. Abnormal 20 ptsState and evaluate one approach to psychological treatment

39. Abnormal 20 ptsBiomedicalIndividual Therapies—cognitive therapies (change negative patterns)Group Therapies

40. Abnormal 25 ptsDiscuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosis.

41. Abnormal 25 ptsStigmatizationSelf-fulfilling prophecyRacial/ ethnic issuesConfirmation BiasPowerless and depersonalizationCulture bound syndromesreporting biasesculture blindness

42. Authors5 ptsCurtis et al. (2004)

43. Authors 5 ptsDisgust

44. Authors 10 ptsAnderson and Pichert (1978)

45. Authors 10 ptsBurglar vs. Housebuyer

46. Authors 15 ptsLee et al. (1977)

47. Authors 15 ptsFundamental attribution error (gameshow)

48. Authors 20 ptsRosenhan (1973)

49. Authors 20 ptsReliability of psychiatric diagnoses

50. Authors 25 ptsFernald and Gunnar (2008)