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Exploring Sonata Form: Structure and Evolution in Classical Music

Explore the evolution and structure of Sonata Form in Classical music, focusing on key terms such as Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, and more. Discover how composers like Mozart and Haydn used this form in their symphonies to create tension, contrast, and resolution. Dive into the three main sections of Sonata Form and learn about optional sections like Slow Introduction and Coda. Through examples from Mozart's Symphony No. 40 and Haydn's Symphony No. 95, grasp the intricacies of this important musical form.

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Exploring Sonata Form: Structure and Evolution in Classical Music

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  1. Chapter 12:The Symphony Sonata Form

  2. Key Terms • Sonata form • Slow introduction (optional) • Exposition • Development • Recapitulation • Coda (optional)

  3. Key Terms • Exposition • First theme • Bridge (transition) • Second Group • Second theme • Cadence (closing) theme

  4. Key Terms • Development • Fragmentation • Retransition

  5. Sonata Form • Most important new form of Classical era • Evolved from binary form • Dramatic new way of handling contrasts between keys (tonalities) and themes • Three large sections: • Exposition • Development • Recapitulation

  6. Exposition (A) • Establishes conflict between two primary keys • Presents (exposes) main themes of movement • Main themes articulate tonal structure • We’ll use Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 in G minor, 1st movement, as an example

  7. Exposition (A) (1) • First theme • Stable theme in tonic key • Bridge • Unstable, modulates to new key

  8. Exposition (A) (2) • Second Group • Second Theme • Stable theme in new key • Cadence Theme • Closing theme with repeated cadences

  9. Exposition (A) (3)

  10. Development (B) (1) • Unstable section heightens tension • Modulates to many different keys • Develops themes • Takes themes from Exposition, breaks them up, & extends, recombines, & reorchestrates them

  11. Development (B) (2) • Retransition • Final passage that prepares for return of first key

  12. Development (B) (3)

  13. Recapitulation (A’) • Resolves tension created in Exposition and heightened in Development • Returns to original key • Presents Exposition themes in same order, but with Second Group in original key, thus Recapitulation is more stable than Exposition

  14. Recapitulation (A’)

  15. Optional Sections • Slow Introduction • Slow tempo section added before the Exposition • Often in minor key and very unstable • Builds tension that is resolved by First Theme of Exposition • (No slow introduction in Mozart’s Symphony No. 40)

  16. Optional Sections • Coda • Concluding section that follows Recapitulation • May be short or long • Usually very stable, with repeated cadences and big ending

  17. Sonata Form Example: Mozart • Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, I

  18. Sonata Form Example: Haydn • Haydn, Symphony No. 95 in C Minor, I

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