Geography Portion

1. Geography Portion • What was the Political Impact of the Rio Grande River?

2. Geography Portion-Cattle Trails

3. Broad Concepts Primary sources were created at the time of the event. They are usually some type of a document. (A document is a piece of written or visual information that provides information or proof on a topic.) Some examples are original letters, diaries, and photographs. They tell a first-hand account of the event.

4. Broad Concepts • Major Wars in Texas in order they occurred: • Texas Revolution- who was Texas fighting? • Mexican War-who was this between? • Civil War-who was this between?

5. Important Eras • Republic Era: A New Nation • Sam Houston 1st and 3rd President • Mirabeau B. Lamar-Father of TX. Education and 2nd President • Anson Jones President when Texas was annexed. • Archives War-Houston tried to remove government documents from Austin to Houston and Austin residents led by Angelina Eberly fired at officials loading documents onto wagons and the conflict ended with documents staying in Austin.

6. Republic of Texas • Pro Annexation Point of View • The Republic’s economic problems, including its large debt. • Most Texan’s support of Annexation including Sam Houston and Anson Jones • U.S. Military support in conflicts with Mexico and American Indians.

7. Republic of Texas • Against Annexation point of view: • Lamar’s opposition to annexation • Foreign recognition of Texas and European support. • Mexican agreement to recognize Texas • Texans’ hope for a large Texas Empire

8. Requirements for Texas to be Annexed into the Union • Texas would become a U.S. territory • United States pay the Republic’s large debt. • Texans had to write a new constitution • The state could keep it’s public lands but some would have to be sold to help pay Texas’s Land. • Texas turned over public property and military supplies over to the U.S.

9. Presidents of Republic of Texas • Mirabeau B. Lamar-2nd president of Texas • Known as “Father of Texas Education” • Moved the capital from Houston to Austin • Lamar disliked Indians and wanted to remove them from Texas

10. Sam Houston • 1st and 3rd President of Texas • For annexation and immigration to Texas • Worked to lower the debt created by Mirabeau B. Lamar • Houston wanted a peaceful solution in dealing with American Indians in Texas

11. Anson Jones • 4th President of Texas • President of Texas when Texas was annexed into the United States

12. Mexican War • The border conflict arose between Mexico and the United States after the annexation of Texas. • Mexico considered the Nueces River the border between Mexico and Texas and Texas considered the Rio Grande the boundary.

13. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • The treaty that ended the Mexican War • Mexico recognized the annexation of Texas and the Rio Grande as its border. • The U.S. agreed to cover the 3.25 million in claims that US citizens had against the Mexican government. • Mexico agreed to cede or turn over 529,000 square miles of its Northern Territory to the US for 15 million.

14. Three Branches of Government • Legislative Branch-makes the laws • Judicial Branch-interprets the constitution and other laws and decides if laws are fair. • Executive Branch-administers laws or carries out the laws.

15. Texas Government • The Texas Constitution of 1845 established a separation of governing powers, in which the powers of each branch are limited. • This system is similar to the one established in the U.S. constitution.

16. Texas Government Limited government means that we, as in “we the people”, give the government power… but not too much power. Federalism is the sharing of powers between the state and national government. Each branch of government can check, or control, the power of the other two branches.-Checks and balances

17. Texas Government • The basic liberties and rights that are guaranteed in the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights.-Individual Rights • Freedom of Speech is a basic liberty guaranteed in the first 10 amendments.

18. Secession Convention of 1861 • On March 2, 1861 Texas became the 7th state to secede from the United States.

19. 5 Causes of the Civil War • Sectionalism-This loyalty to your state or section of the country first and the nation second is called... • The South viewed slavery as a necessity to maintaining economic wealth • However, many people in the North viewed slavery as evil and unconstitutional. • States’ rights is the idea that each state had the right to determine whether or not to follow federal laws

20. 5 Causes of the Civil War When Republican Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860, Southerners believed that their rights would no longer be respected. After Lincoln’s election, eleven southern states eventually seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.

21. Texas Battles of the Civil War • Galveston Island • Sabine Pass • Palmito Ranch

22. Freedmen’s Bureau In March Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau which provided help and legal aid to freedpeople. Freedpeople had no land and few job opportunities, so many of them returned to their old plantations for work.

23. Cattle Kingdom • The Cattle Kingdom years were from 1860-1890. • Cattle Drives were created for herding groups of cattle south of the Rio Grande to supply beef to Spanish military outposts. Ranchers also drove cattle from Southeast Texas to Louisiana.

24. Texas Cowboys • Vaqueros is the Spanish word for cowboys. • Many cowboys wore sombreros to protect themselves from the sun. • All cowboys used a long light rope called a lariat.

25. Inventions in Texas • Barbed Wire: end of the open range and had a great impact on the settlement of West Texas. • Windmill: used to reach huge supplies of water.

26. Texas in the 20th Century • Spindle top: marked the beginning of the Texas Oil boom. • Causes of the Texas City Explosion: ammonium nitrate in fertilizer that was on board the ship. Fire was most likely caused by a cigarette.

27. People in Texas History • James K. Polk-President of U.S. when Texas was annexed into the United States. • Charles Goodnight-a cattleman who looked beyond the eastern market. His trail to New Mexico became one of the most traveled routes in the Southwest.

28. People in Texas History • Stephen F. Austin-Father of Texas • Buffalo Soldiers-African American Troops who were stationed along the border and served in the 9th and 10th cavalries.

29. Vocabulary • Agribusiness-Large scale farming and processing of crops. • Economy-the prosperity or earnings of a place • Capital-the city or town that is the official seat of government in a country, state,

30. Vocabulary • Profit-the monetary surplus left to a producer or employer after deducting wages, rent, cost of raw materials, etc. • Petroleum Industry-Petrochemicals are chemicals or products made from oil and natural gas. • Free enterprise/market economy-an economy in which individuals have the right to own businesses and make money with limited government interference.

31. Vocabulary • Human – labor resources including effort, knowledge, and skill • Capital – resources such as machines, buildings, transportation, money • Urbanization-an increase in people living and working in cities. • Diversification-increasing the variety of goods • Entrepreneur-a risk taking business person

32. Need to Know • A requirement of a Texas Citizen is to serve on a jury. • During Reconstruction the Texas Government wrote a new constitution that gave African Americans the right to vote. What was this amendment called? • 1845 year Texas was annexed into the United States!