Chapter 5 Creating a Buffer Colony

GPS: Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah. Essential Question: How was the founding/evolution of the Georgia colony unique? Chapter 5Creating a Buffer Colony

Reasons for the Colony Threats from Spanish Spanish encourage Native Americans to attack Charles Town Fort King George built to protect Carolina border; abandoned 1728 What other countries do you think the Carolinas need protection from?

Hard Times in England James Edward Oglethorpe -member, British Parliament England overcrowded, people unable to pay debts imprisoned (Robert Castill) Oglethorpe favors prison reform, wants debtors’ colony -give debtors fresh start, colony could sell materials to England and protect Charles Town Why do you think Oglethorpe favored prison reform?

The Creation of Georgia Oglethorpe, 20 other prominent men—trustees-draft charter in 1730 Propose colony name “Georgia” after KingGeorge II; three purposes of GA colony: 1-charitable: relief for debtors, “worthy poor” 2-economic: self-supporting, providing cheap resources for England 3-defensive: protective barrier between Florida-Charles Town King signs charter, grants lands southwest of Carolina, June 9, 1732 Which purpose do you think the king is most concerned about?

The Creation of Georgia Colonists offered free passage, 50 acres, 1 year support for family 500 acres tax-free for 10 years for those who can pay passage Many “worthy poor” —artisans, businessmen —apply instead of debtors “Resident Trustee” Oglethorpe pays own way, leads colony 2shillings ? shillings 50 acres 500 acres How many shillings would a person pay if they owned 500 acres? How much money would they save over a ten year tax free period?

New Rules for a New Colony Trustees cannot own land in Georgia, do not make profit All colonists get same amount of land so social classes do not form Hard liquor, slavery, Catholics, and lawyers not allowed Land cannot be sold or borrowed against; only men can inherit Why do you think the trustees do not want social classes to form?

Sailing to Georgia Ship Ann sets sail November 17, 1732, with 115 passengers Two months to cross Atlantic; travel conditions poor Oglethorpe meets with Royal Governor of South Carolina -wants protection from Spanish and Yamasee Indians What kind of problems might occur in during the voyage that might cause someone to get sick or die?

Review What was the name of the fort built on the Altamaha River to protect Charles Town? This man is credited with the founding of Georgia. Prominent, trustworthy men who helped draft the charter for Georgia are called ________.

Review Georgia was to be founded as a _____ colony Three reasons for the founding of Georgia were _______, ______ and ________. People who could pay their passage were given ____ acres of land.

Review Many “___ ___” applied to be colonists instead of debtors. Georgia is named after ____ ___ __. 9. A trustee who lived in the Georgia colony was called a _______ __________. 10. James Oglethorpe and the colonists came to Georgia on the ship ______.

Establishing the Colony Yamacraw Bluff—spot near Savannah River chosen for colony -becomes town of Savannah John and Mary Musgroveown trading post near Yamacraw John: son of Colonel John Musgrove of South Carolina Mary: born “Cousaponakeesa” to white trader and Creek Indian Musgroves have a trade monopoly with the Yamacraw, Charlestown colonist.

Chief Tomochichi Tomochichi is chief of Yamacraw; part of Creek Confederacy Musgroves help Oglethorpe negotiate treaty with Tomochichi Georgia guard prepares area, colonists arrive February 1, 1733 Tomochichi lived into his late 90’s and a large granite stone commemorating his life was placed near his burial site in Savannah

Negotiating with the Creek Oglethorpe meets with Creek chiefs to establish peace After three days, Treaty of Savannah signed: 1-colonists receive land, prices set for trade 2-Creek will return escaped slaves to South Carolina 3-promise that colonists will not take other Creek lands

Continued help from friends Musgroves translate, negotiate between colonists and natives Allow Oglethorpe to use employees as assistants Oglethorpe takes Musgroves, Tomochichi to England in 1734 Tomochichi impressed by King, trustees; Creek, English ally Oglethorpe and Creek chiefs sign Treaty of Coweta in 1739 -chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant

Questions Three reasons for the founding of Georgia were _______, ______ and ________. The chief of the Yamacraw was _________. This man is credited with the founding of Georgia.

Questions 4. ____ ____ was aspot near Savannah River chosen for colony, later became Savannah. 5. The ____ __ _____ was an agreement between the Creek and the colonists, Creek gave land and agreed to take slaves back to S. Carolina. 6. These people owned a trading post and acted as translators between the Creek and the colonists.

Questions 7. Musgroves have trade _______ with the Yamacraw and Charles Town colonists. 8. ____ was born “Cousaponakeesa” to a white trader and Creek Indian 9. Lawyers, slaves, Catholics and ____ were not allowed in Georgia. 10. In the _____ ___ _____ the chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant.

Establishing Savannah Colonists work as group and build palisade—strong wooden wall of defense around compound Savannah layout based on Aziliadesign Four district with open public square in each -public buildings in each corner, house lots surround square Fort Argyle along Ogeechee River first of 7 forts to protect Savannah Scots Highlanders build fort near Altamaha River, February 1736 -name area Darien, name town New Inverness

More residents for the Colony Settlers continue to arrive, including three religious groups: -Moravians—Protestants from Czechoslovakia -Salzburgers—Austrian, near German border -Jewsfrom Portugal—initially, trustees prohibited Jewish settlers All groups had been persecuted in original countries

Religion in the Colonies Trustees afraid Catholic settlers may ally with Spanish in Florida Oglethorpe brings ministers, two brothers, in 1736 John Wesley—founds Methodist movement Charles Wesley—Oglethorpe’s secretary, chaplain at Fort Frederica George Whitefield comes on later trip; founds Bethesda Home for Boys

Augusta Founded Communications between Savannah, Charles Town begins October 1734 Secure settlement between towns needed as trade grows Oglethorpe completes way station north of Savannah, June 1736 -names site Augusta in honor of Princess Augusta of Wales

Discontent Among the Colonists Land Trustees won’t trade poor land for better land Difficult to grow crops requested by England Colonists cannot sell, trade land; women can’t inherit Slaves Farmers able to grow rice, indigo, but crops are labor-intensive Envy profitability of South Carolina crops using slave labor Rum Banned, available in other colonies; item of trade with Native Americans

Hardships take toll Colonists are unprepared for life in new colony Soil, climate wrong for intended crops Trustees mock complainers; some colonists leave for South Carolina

Questions ________—strong wooden wall of defense around a compound. What was the first of 7 forts built to protect Savannah? Who was Oglethorpe’s secretary and chaplain at Fort Frederica? ________ was named after Princess Augusta of Wales. Colonists cannot sell or _____ land.

Questions 6. Augusta began as a _____ station town. Three religious groups that arrive near Savannah are the Moravians, Salzburgers, and the _______. ___ _____ founded the Methodists Movement. Colonists who disagree with rules of the new colony move to ___________. _____ is used as a major trade item with the Indians.

Defending the New Colony William Stephens arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe Georgia divided into two counties. Stephens in charge of Savannah, Oglethorpe in charge of Frederica War of Jenkins’ Ear; Spanish guard cut off British officer’s ear; Britain declares war on Spain,1739

European conflict carried to the colonies Oglethorpe invades Florida in 1740, aided by Native American allies Spanish reinforcements arrive, Georgians retreat to Fort St. Simons Minor fighting for two years, Spanish take Fort St. Simons in 1742 Oglethorpe evacuates, Spanish take fort

Spain is turned back Oglethorpe greatly outnumbered—650 to 2,000—but must defeat Spanish Two small units ambush Spanish on march to Fort Frederica Ambush—theBattle of Bloody Marsh—takes less than hour Spanish retreat to St. Augustine three days later England’s claim on Georgia land is now undisputed

Changes in Leadership Despite victory, trustees and settlers unhappy with Oglethorpe who returns to England. William Stephens new leader

Questions In 1741 Georgia was divided into two counties Savannah and _______ The first British fort that Spanish capture is __ _____. The ___ of ______ ___ was fought between England and Spain. Oglethorpe is in charge of ______ after Georgia is split into two counties. Before the Battle of Bloody Marsh, the Spanish were on their way to what fort?

Bonus Questions (5 pts. each) The ____ of _____ _____ was a British ambush on Spanish soldiers. ______ ______ arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe.

Changing the Rules Land 50-acre rule frustrates colonists, they want larger farms Land limit increased to 2,000 acres, women may now inherit property Rum Rum drinking, sale allowed in 1742; valuable for trading with natives Slavery Some colonists asking for slavery since colony’s start Slavery legalized in 1751; Scots Highlanders and Salzburgers oppose

Becoming a Royal Colony Trustees return colony to king in 1752 a year before charter expires George II names John Reynolds first royal governor (1754) Royal government: governor, 12-man council, legislature -council advises governor: forms Assembly’s Upper House, Court of Error -19 colonists elected to Commons House of Assembly, later 25

The Assembly takes Action First assembly meets on January 7, 1755 Reorganizes militia, funds roads, bridges; creates paper bills of credit Establishes list of 10 crimes punishable by death Approves first slave code—basis for all future Georgia slavery laws

A change of governors Reynolds disliked; tries to move capital, refuses advice from council Henry Ellis replaces him, 1758; inherits weak, infighting colony Restores colony in three years; is well-liked, respected -reforms government, divides Georgia into parishes, settles land claims -keeps Creek neutral during French and Indian War Resigns in early 1761, Lieutenant Governor James Wright replaces him

A voice in government Colonists Have Voice in Government Commons House of Assembly gave colonists political voice Forming Parishes Georgia divided into 8 districts—parishes—similar to modern counties -primarily for organization; religious, military bodies -members pay tax for church, poor England has hands-off policy—“salutary neglect”—toward colonies Colonists handle their own problems, Parliament’s laws rarely enforced

Chapter 5 Creating a Buffer Colony