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CHAPTER 12 People and Their Needs

CHAPTER 12 People and Their Needs. People must be “emancipated from nature” “the negation of nature is the way toward happiness” John Locke. Section 12.1 A Portrait of Earth. The Earth is a series of systems and connections Ecosystems are affected by many factors:

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CHAPTER 12 People and Their Needs

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  1. CHAPTER 12People and Their Needs People must be “emancipated from nature” “the negation of nature is the way toward happiness” John Locke

  2. Section 12.1 A Portrait of Earth • The Earth is a series of systems and connections • Ecosystems are affected by many factors: Climate (the interaction between ocean, air and land) Circulation (movement of air and water) Plate Tectonics (movement of the Earth’s land mass)

  3. Section 12.1A portrait of Earth • Earth can also be viewed in terms of matter and energy: • For matter the Earth is a closed system This means only tiny amounts of matter leave or join the Earth • For energy the Earth is an open system This means that the Earth gets a huge amount of energy from the sun – some is released as heat

  4. Earth Systems are Interconnected 2004 EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Plate Tectonics

  5. Earth Systems are Interconnected Deep Ocean Zone Earthquake and Tsunami - Japan 2011 Plate Tectonics

  6. Section 12.1 The Gaia Hypothesis • Proposed in 1972 by James Lovelock a British scientist • States: The Earth is a single, living organism that regulates itself to maintain life.

  7. Section 12.2Human Societies • Three Types of Human Societies: • Hunter-gatherer – nomadic people that hunt and gather naturally growing food. • Agricultural – grows crops, stay in one place • Industrial – produces food and other products using machines - requires large amounts of energy and resources

  8. 12.2 Hunter-Gatherer Society • Nomadic – travel to where food can be found – never stay in one place • Gather naturally growing plants and hunt for whatever animals they can find • Low population numbers • Have little or no impact on the environment • Can still be found in remote areas untouched by modern civilization

  9. 12.2 Agricultural Society • 10,000 to 20,000 years ago people in Southeast Asia and Africa began to farm • For the first time, they planted crops and raised animals for food • This caused two main changes: 1. people settled in one place 2. people found work within their society

  10. 12.2 Agricultural • The most important invention was the plow • The plow helped people plant more and produce more food, • More food meant more people Human population grew • Modern agriculture caused many environmental problems including: • increase land and chemical use, • soil depletion, • water contamination, • increase in food contamination

  11. 12.2 Industrial Society • The human population faced change again in the late 1700’s • Production of food and everyday needs switched from skilled individuals to machines • Machines need much more energy and raw materials to produce products • Major damage to the environment began with the use of machines

  12. Industrial Society Positive • Scientists improved crops • Medical discoveries allowed people to live longer • More food and medical advances allowed the human population to grow even more Negative • Increased use of energy • Increased use of natural resources • Increased population • Rapid increase in environmental damage • Air, land and water pollution • Raw materials are running out

  13. Characteristics of Human Societies

  14. 12.3 Sustainable Development Frontier Ethic Sustainable Development Meets the current needs of society without limiting the way future generations meet their needs. 1) Resources are limited and not all to be used exclusively by humans. 2) Humans are part of the living Earth and must obey natural laws. 3) Human success means living in harmony with nature. • Humans are separate from Nature. • 1) Resources are unlimited and here for our use. • 2) Humans do not need to obey natural laws. • Our success/failure is measured by our control over the natural world.

  15. Sustainable Development Frontier Ethic Sustainable Ethic 1) Materials needed to build societies are limited. 2) Materials that can regenerate like wood or livestock are called renewable resources. 3) Materials that can not regenerate like oil and minerals are called non-renewable resources. Successful societies will concentrate on using conservation and renewable resources. • 1) Earth’s resources is limited by size and content. • 2) Humans have carrying capacities and limiting factors that control our population just like any other organism. • 3) Each human measures their success differently with respect to their environment. • Indefinite frontier ethic can not be successful.

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