Unit 3—Chapters 9 – 11

1. Unit 3—Chapters 9 – 11 The Growth of Democracy CSS 8. 4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 11.1, 11.3, 11.10

4. Revolution of 1800 Federalists lost to Republicans peaceful transfer of “people’s will” Hamilton blocked Adams Jefferson—1st republican president pardoned Alien/Sedition offenders naturalization returned to 5 years ended excise tax on whiskey Sec. Gallatin reduced the debt patronage (spoils system) mosquito navy Jefferson—a federalist president rechartered Bank of United States raised the tariff Embargo Act Aaron Burr Hamilton blocked him from the presidency killed Hamilton in a duel attempted to get the states west of the Appalachians to secede from the U.S. tried for treason but acquitted Jefferson 1st Administration1801-1805 led to 12th Amendment 1800 141

5. Midnight Judges, 1801 lame-duck period is time between November election and March inauguration Adams created 16 new federal judge positions John Marshall signed them in at the end of his office (3 on his last day) Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Marbury came to get his writ of mandamus (license to be a judge) after Jefferson became president Sec. of State Madison refused to give it Chief Justice Marshall’s ruling: Constitution = Supreme Law of US all acts of government must obey it duty of judges to enforce the Constitution therefore, court can throw out bad laws to protect Constitution Marshall did not say only Supreme Court could do this Jefferson had said states could Samuel Chase Federal justice almost impeached by Jefferson for partisan decisions in 1805 acquitted Callendar on libel charges last real attempt to impeach a Supreme Court justice Marbury v. Madison, 1803

6. Toussaint L’Ouverture led revolt in Haiti in 1797 thwarted a French invasion of 20,000 troops in 1803 set the stage for Louisiana Purchase frightened southern slave owners Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Jefferson wanted New Orleans and control of the Mississippi River Napoleon needed money and offered to sell 828,000 sq. miles for $15 million (3₵ an acre) the American delegation overstepped its authority Jefferson agonized over the constitutional legality of it Lewis and Clark Expedition Jefferson sent them to find an all-water route to Pacific Merriweather Lewis William Clark Corps of Discovery (28 men) Sacajaewa map the area 8,000+ miles Missouri, Snake, Columbia, Yellowstone Rivers establish contact with Indians over 50 tribes Clark became Commissioner to Indians evaluate mineral resources observe local plants and animals over 122 new animals over 178 new plants Louisiana Purchase, 1803

8. War with Tripoli, 1801 - 1805 “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” the Pasha cut down the U.S. flag at the consul and demanded money creation of Marines still paid tribute until 1815 Orders in Council, 1806 British prohibited US trade with French ports neither British or French wanted the US to trade with the other Chesapeake Affair, 1807 British navy wanted its sailors back stopped US ships and takes them by force 6,000 taken from 1808-1811 HMS Leopard stopped the U.S.S. Chesapeake just off Norfolk took four men (3 Americans) Embargo Act, 1807 prohibited all exports from American ports hurt US more than Europe goods piled up in ports many smuggled goods into Canada Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 prohibited trade with France and Britain American industry grew forced Parliament to repeal the Orders in Council which they did two days before the War of 1812 began Jefferson 2nd Administration1805-1809 1804 176

11. Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810 allowed trade with the world promised to end sanctions against either France or Britain whoever acted first Napoleon did which led to war with Britain Warhawks new generation of anti-Indian and anti-British congressmen Warhawks led voting for war with Britain in 1812 House -- 79 to 49 Senate -- 19 to 13 Hostile Federalists opposed the war and even sent aid to Canada to help it against the US Henry Clay war hawk leader of House in 1811 great compromiser active in politics until 1850s ran for president three times and lost “I’d rather be right than be President.” Madison Administration1809-1817 1808 176

12. Daniel Webster New Hampshire Henry Clay Kentucky John C. Calhoun South Carolina

13. the US military was unprepared US navy – 22 total ships US army – less than 12,000 troops major battles – Thames, Lake Erie, Plattsburg, Blandenburg, New Orleans the US tried and failed to invade Canada twice in 1812 key naval victories at Lake Erie and Lake Champlain kept the British at bay in the North the British blockade suffocated the US economy the British captured and burned DC in 1814 Battle of New Orleans, 1815 Jackson led 7,000 pirates, sailors, and frontiersmen to beat 8,000 British soldiers 71 US casualties v. 2000 British casualties Jackson instant legend Treaty of Ghent, 1814 restored status quo British victories had no effect Britain did not control the Great Lakes or Lake Champlain signed two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans War of 1812“Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights”

14. The Battle of New OrleansJohnny Horton Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surpriseif we didn't fire a musket til we looked 'em in the eyes.We held our fire til we see'd their faces well,then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave a yell.Well, we fired our cannon til the barrel melted down,so we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round.We filled his head with cannon balls and powdered his behind,and when they tetched the powder off, the gator lost his mind.We'll march back home but we'll never be contenttill we make Old Hickory the people's President.And every time we think about the bacon and the beans,we'll think about the fun we had way down in New Orleans.Well, they ran through the briars and they ran through the bramblesAnd they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.They ran so fast the hounds couldn't catch 'emdown the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Well, in eighteen and fourteen we took a little tripalong with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.We took a little bacon and we took a little beans,And we caught the bloody British near the town of New Orleans.Chorus: We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin'down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.Well, I see'd Mars Jackson walkin down the streettalkin' to a pirate by the name of Jean Lafitte [pronounced La-feet]He gave Jean a drink that he brung from Tennesseeand the pirate said he'd help us drive the British in the sea.The French said Andrew, you'd better run,for Packingham's a comin' with a bullet in his gun.Old Hickory said he didn't give a dang,he's gonna whip the britches off of Colonel Packingham.Well, we looked down the river and we see'd the British come,and there must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made their bugles ringwhile we stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.

15. Indian Intercourse Acts regulated trade with Indians and access to Indian lands licensed traders Tecumseh Shawnee war chief who led largest confederacy of Indians in modern Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan over a dozen tribes followed him opposed sale of Indian land such as Treaty of Ft. Wayne died at Battle of Thames Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” Tecumseh’s brother religious leader who called for a return to Indian culture rejection of white culture no alcohol no textiles no land ownership Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 US defeated Blue Jacket’s confederacy led to Treaty of Greenville which ceded most of Ohio Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 William Henry Harrison led troops against Tecumseh Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 Jackson crushed the Creeks Tecumseh

17. a divided nation emerged united New England sent aid to Canada but Federalists gone America gained some respect USS Constitution national symbols emerged national anthem written at Ft. McHenry by Francis Scott Key White House whitewashed Uncle Sam some leaders gained fame and fortune Jackson and Harrison Hartford Convention, 1814 Federalist gathering condemned the war war was mistake govt. should pay for NE trade losses 2/3 vote on war, embargos, new states no presidents from same state in a row end 3/5 Compromise threatened secession public saw it as treason and it destroyed the Federalist Party Heritage of War of 1812

18. Era of Good Feeling America beat Britain twice new period of American Nationalism only one major party many problems existed despite the name 2nd Bank of United States, 1816 rechartered by Monroe for 20 yrs. Tariff of 1816 raised tariff to 20% to protect American businesses from British businesses British companies dumped cheap goods on US after the war Calhoun (SC) for Webster (NH) against Bonus Bill, 1817 John C. Calhoun (SC) wanted $1.5 million for internal improvements vetoed by Monroe American System, 1824 Clay’s plan to promote the US economy higher tariff federal roads – Maysville federal canals – Erie Canal built in 1825 by New York Monroe’s 1st Administration1817-1821 (Era of Good Feelings) 1816 226

19. Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 limited navies on the Great Lakes demilitarized U.S.-Canadian border Convention of 1818 established 49th parallel as US-Canadian border Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 U.S. bought Florida for $5 million est. boundary between Spain and the U.S. Russo-American Treaty, 1824 Russia dropped claim on Oregon for supplies also called Convention of 1824 Missouri Compromise, 1820 Missouri submitted a state constitution in 1819 Rep. Tallmadge (DR-NY) tried to ban slavery with an amendment House passed it Senate rejected it along sectional lines (equal number of senators) Clay presented a compromise by which Maine and Missouri became states 36º30' dividing line for future Missouri CompromiseTreaties Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 Convention of 1818 Missouri Compromise, 1820 Rush Bagot Treaty, 1817 Russo-American Treaty, 1824

20. Panic of 1819 first major economic crisis since Washington’s presidency overspeculation of western lands banks closed people lost their savings first of cycle of panics every 20 years Land Act, 1820 changed land purchase from 160 acres @ $2 per acre over 4 yrs. ($300) 80 acres @ $1.25 per acre ($100) more affordable land helped end the recession Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Spanish colonies in South America revolting US worried European powers would try to conquer or colonize the young nations noncolonization noninternvention British support made Europe pay attention still US policy today Monroe 2nd Administration1821-1825 Era of Good Feelings 1820 232

21. Marshall’s decisions strengthened the national government Marshall sat on the court for 35 years long after the Federalist Party was gone Marbury v. Madison, 1803 judicial review for national government Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 Supreme Court can reverse state decisions Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 state laws invalid if in conflict with Constitution Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 National government controls interstate commerce steamboat case McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 States can’t tax national government “The power to tax is the power to destroy” Bank of United States legal under the elastic clause Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 Constitution protects charters (contracts) and states cannot undo them Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831 case thrown out because Indians are not citizens of U.S. “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 national legislature, not state legislature, has authority over tribes John MarshallThe #1 Federalist

22. “Corrupt Bargain” Jackson had a plurality but not a majority of the electoral votes Crawford died of a stroke Clay supported Adams House elected Adams (13-7-4) Clay appointed Secretary of State John Quincy Adams ended Virginia Dynasty from Jefferson to Monroe a nationalist in a sectional America internal improvements National University national observatory Smithsonian against frantic western expansion Tariff of 1828 raised tariff to 45% up from 37% in 1823 supported by votes from N and W South vocally against it renamed it “Tariff of Abominations John Quincy Adams1825-1829 Bargain and Corruption 1824 261 “Let the New England beware how she imitates the Old.”

23. Jeffersonian Democracy property linked to voting rights State legislature ran elections very limited democracy Jacksonian Democracy elimination of property requirement universal white male suffrage (VT) popular election replaces state legislatures Jackson changes party to Democratic Party “King Caucus” candidates now nominated at circus-like venues emphasized party loyalty common man candidates Davy Crockett, Andrew Jackson Old Hickory expanded executive authority balanced states’ rights with strong central government King Veto used the veto more than the previous 6 presidents vetoed the Maysville Road because he didn’t like it Jacksonian Democracy v.Jeffersonian Democracy "...I am not a candidate for the Presidency by my own volition, but by the selection of the people..."

25. Jackson campaigned from 1824-1828 “Bargain and corruption” married Rachel Robards turned out she was NOT divorced the rumors killed her Kitchen Cabinet unofficial advisors to the President outside the cabinet criticized by Jackson’s enemies “To the victor go the spoils.” Peggy Eaton Affair wife of Sec. of War snubbed because she worked in a boarding house Jackson forced the issue and many left his cabinet including Calhoun Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830 nationalism v. sectionalism Hayne (SC) argued for western settlement, went on to criticize federalists during the War of 1812 argued against nullification and tariffs Webster (NH) defended the North Supreme Court, not the states, can nullify else Union a mere “rope of sand” Lincoln influenced by Webster’s arguments Andrew Jackson1829-1833 Huzzah for Jackson! 1828 261 "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” —Daniel Webster, 1830

26. South Carolina Exposition called for states to nullify “bad” federal laws SC response to Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1832 lowered rate to 35% “nullies” threatened secession Tariff of 1833 Clay’s tariff slowly lowered the rate to 20-25% over 8 yrs. Force Bill, 1833 Congress gave President authority to use the army or navy to collect tariffs Jackson threatened to send troops into SC Recharter Bill, 1832 Clay forced the issue of the bank early to hurt Jackson’s re-election in 1832 yes vote would lose West no vote would lose NE Jackson vetoed it because it was un-American too many British stockholders too much centralized power “Czar” Nicholas Biddle tried to use the bank to stop Jackson’s re-election Jefferson Day 1830 Jackson: “Our Union: It must be preserved!” Calhoun: “The union, next to our liberty, most dear!” Nullification Crisis

31. Anti-Masonic Party, 1832 first third party anti-immigrant formed over murder case in NYC against Jackson who was a Mason Whig Party an Anti-Jackson Coalition ex-Federalists, National Republicans, Anti-Masons, reformers American System high tariff public education national bank temperance Pet Banks, 1833 Jackson moved money out of the B.U.S. and doled it out to state banks “wild cat banks” were unsafe and led to speculation Specie Circular, 1836 public lands could only be purchased w/ hard currency drove value of hard money up Andrew Jackson1833-1837 1832 286

32. “Society for Propogating the Gospel among Indians” est. 1787 to ‘civilize’ the Indians 1793: Congress gave $20,000 for literacy Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole owned land and slaves Cherokee had an alphabet and a constitution Indian Removal Act, 1830 passed by Congress 102-97 called for voluntary removal of all Indians West of the Mississippi Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 Jackson said “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Trail of Tears, 1835-1839 100,000 moved West 4,000 died of on the way Bureau of Indian Affairs created in 1836 to protect Indians and their “permanent” frontier (lasted 15 yrs.) Black Hawk War, 1832 Sauk and Fox led by Black Hawk and son in Illinois/Wisconsin crushed by militia Seminole Wars, 1835-1842 guerilla war fought by Indians and ex-slaves Osceola seized under truce flag moved to Oklahoma Indian Removal

33. Panic of 1837 speculation of land pet banks specie circular loans from “wildcat” state banks Whigs suggested govt. aid Independent Treasury Bill, 1840 keep federal surplus in large vaults in different cities rather than in banks keep govt. out of banking passed in 1840 repealed in 1841 Little Magician – Old Kinderhook seasoned politician est. national political party inherited Jackson’s enemies and crises Know Nothing Party, 1840 called “American Party” anti-immigrant party anti-Catholic used violence and intimidation Martin Van Buren1837-1841 1836 294

35. William H. Harrison ran without a platform log cabin/hard cider campaign inauguration speech 45 minutes in rain died 30 days after taking office from pneumonia John Tyler (His Ascendancy) vetoed series of American System bills in 1841 kicked out of Whig party cabinet resigned except Webster (State) appointed Democrats instead annexed TX at end of presidency in 1845 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842 est. Maine/Canada border Caroline (U.S. ship) attacked by British in NY harbor in 1837 Creole captured by 130 VA slaves in 1841and received asylum in the British Bahamas Aroostook War, 1838 lumberjack war between Canada and U.S. over Maine border William Henry Harrison1841 Martin Van Ruin v. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too 1840 294

36. Oh who has heard the great commotion, motion motion all the country through? It is the ball a-rolling on for Tippecanoe and Tyler too and with him we'll beat Little Van, Van Van is a used up man and with him we'll beat Little Van Sure, let 'em talk about hard cider (cider cider) and log cabins too 't'will only help to speed the ball for Tippecanoe and Tyler too and with him we'll beat Little Van, Van Van is a used up man and with him we'll beat Little Van Like the rush of mighty waters (waters waters) onward it will go And of course we'll bring you through for Tippecanoe and Tyler too and with him we'll beat Little Van, Van Van is a used up man and with him we'll beat Little Van Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

37. Washington Irving first American author read outside the US Knickbocker History of New York Rip Van Winkle, 1819 Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper focused on the grandeur of nature and emphasized the “noble savage” Last of the Mohicans, 1826 Ralph Waldo Emerson essayist and orator who gave over 1500 speeches from 1833-1860 pragmatism over aesthesticism Self-Reliance Hudson River School 1st major American art movement emphasized portraits and landscapes Thomas Cole John Copley Neo-Classicism Greek/Roman influence in art and architecture widely used in Washington DC American Art/Literature In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? Or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue? --Sidney Smith, 1820