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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT

BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT. Dr. A.G. Devi Prasad MSc(Bot), MSc(Sus.Dev), Ph.D, PGDEP P.G. Department of Environmental Science University of Mysore Mysore-570006 e-mail:- agdprasad@yahoo.com Mobile; 9448033391. Natural Resources.

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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT

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  1. BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT Dr. A.G. Devi Prasad MSc(Bot), MSc(Sus.Dev), Ph.D, PGDEP P.G. Department of Environmental Science University of Mysore Mysore-570006 e-mail:- agdprasad@yahoo.com Mobile; 9448033391

  2. Natural Resources Indestructible --- Air Water Destructible ---Renewable : Soil Forest Wildlife Non-renewable : Minerals

  3. Biodiversity - Definition The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

  4. Types of Biodiversity Genetic diversity - genetic variability or diversity within a species, i.e. between the individuals of a species Example ; 5,000 recorded varieties of mango 88,000 recorded varieties of Oryza sativa

  5. 2.Species diversity - diversity between different species Example ; Felis tigris Felis domestica

  6. 3. Ecosystem diversity – diversity within a region Grassland Shola forest

  7. Facts related to Biodiversity • Total Land Area of Earth – • 510,065,284 sq.km • Forest Cover – 38.7 m. sq.km • (26%) • 40% of Global Forest Land is • in South America, Africa, • and South Asia.

  8. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. • There are 5 million to 100 million species on earth. • Only about 1.9 million species have been catalogued so far. • There are 34 recognised “Hotspots” in the world. • 44.4% of Global Plant species and 35.3% of Vertebrate species are present in Hotspots.

  9. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. Total land area of India - 143million.ha India occupies 2.47% of the World’s geographical area and has only 1% of the forest India has 16.1% of world human population and 15.1% of cattle population • Forest Cover in India – • 23.57 %

  10. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. • India is sharing 12.53 % of world’s biodiversity • India has 3.9 % of grasslands, 2.0 % of hot deserts, 4.1 m.ha of wetland ecosystems. • India is the 7th largest country in the world and one among the 17 mega diversity centers.

  11. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. • India recorded : • 45,000 + species of wild plants • 89,000 + species of wild animals • At least 320 species of wild • relatives of crops have been • originated here.

  12. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. In India: 1,39,000 species of plants, animals and microbes are recorded More than 4 lakh species are yet to be identified There are three mega centers of endemism and 26 micro centers of endemism

  13. PLANT SPECIES IN INDIA AND WORLD Taxa Species India World Bacteria 850 4000 Viruses unknown 4000 Algae 6500 40,000 Fungi 14,500 72,000 Lichens 2000 17,000 Bryophyta 2850 16,000 Pteridophyta 1100 13000 Gymnosperms 64 750 Angiosperms 17,500 250,000

  14. ANIMAL SPECIES IN INDIA AND WORLD Taxa Species India World Insects 60,000 8,00000 Mollusca 5000 100000 Fishes 2,500 23,000 Amphibians 190 4,520 Reptiles 400 6,550 Birds 1,175 8,400 Mammals 872 4,231

  15. Facts related to Biodiversity contd… • Karnataka – 8th largest state in the country • Total Land Area of Karnataka – 1,91,791 sq.km • Karnataka’s Forest Cover – 20.2 % • Coastal area- 5425 sq.km • Dominated by mangrove • forest (60 sq.km)

  16. Facts related to Biodiversity contd… • Karnataka ; • home of sandal wood and rose wood • supports 25% of India’s elephant population • supports 10% of India’s tiger population • harbours about 4758 floral • species with 1600endemics • 60% of Western Ghats are • located in Karnataka

  17. Hotspots 1. Endemism- (0.5% or 1500 species of the world’s 3 Lakh Plant species as endemics should be present) 2. Degree of Threat Hotspots of India– Four 1. Western Ghats 2. Eastern Himalayas 3. Indo-Burma region 4. Sundaland (Indonesia, Malaysia, parts of India especially Nicobar Islands)

  18. Endemism Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a place. In other words, species native to a particular geographical area. • Significance • Biogeography of the area • Evidence of center of speciation • Evidence of center of extinction • How species could have become adapted and evolved

  19. IUCN categories Extinct A species not definitely located in the wild and never sighted even once in the last 50 years Threatened Species: The term is used in conservation context for species which are in one of the categories – Endangered Vulnerable Rare Indeterminate RED DATA BOOK

  20. Why Biodiversity is important? Provides food, fodder, fruit, fuel, timber, medicine 1.Commercial value : Oil, Fertilizers etc. extracted from species of plants and animals. 2.Biological value: Pollination Soil formation Nutrient enrichment -

  21. 3.Recreational Value: Can not be measured in terms of money. 4. Aesthetic Value: Art, Poetry, Literature. 5.Scientific Value: Gene Pool, Evolution, Human Welfare, etc,.

  22. Value of a Tree • A tree that lives for 50 years generates: • Rs. 5.3 lakhs worth of oxygen • Facilitates Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of soil erosion control • Creates Rs. 10.5 lakhs worth of air pollution control • Provides Rs. 5.3 lakhs • worth of shelter for birds • and animals

  23. ….Value of a Tree • Recycles Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of fertility • Besides provide flower, fruits and timber • When a tree is fell it is something worth more than Rs. 33. 9 lakhs.

  24. Threats to Biodiversity • Deforestation and overgrazing • 2. Habitat destruction and fragmentation of the • area.

  25. 3. Poaching and hunting for flesh, fur, skin, horn, naiI and recreation. 4. Forest fires including smoking in the woods. 5. Over‑exploitation of the resources.

  26. 6. Natural calamities like floods, high wind velocities, earthquakes, etc.,. 7. Pollution of various kinds and release of toxic substances. 8.Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients.

  27. 9.Population pressure and unequal distribution of the resources 10. Agricultural expansion 11.Spreading urbanization and establishment of industries. 12.Construction of hydro‑electric power projects

  28. 13. Climatic changes like depletion of ozone, • global warming, increased concentration • of carbon dioxide, etc, • . Mining activities and quarrying. • 15. Lack of awareness.

  29. ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCTION IN BIODIVERSITY

  30. Global Warming • Causes for global climate change • Change in green house gases concentration. • Variation in solar radiation . • Deviations in the earth’s orbit.

  31. Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?

  32. What is global warming? • Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the average temperature in the atmosphere

  33. What is global warming? • Increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere • The heat loss from the Earth to the Space is slowed down

  34. What is global warming? • Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxides, ozone, water vapour, etc • An enhancement of the greenhouse effect leads to global warming

  35. Facts • Since 1988, nine of the hottest years in more than a • century have been recorded • July 1998 was the hottest month world over • In 1998 India had the hottest period in 50 years in which nearly 3000 people died • 2010 is the hottest year of the century(4th Dec.2010, Deccan Herald)

  36. What is greenhouse effect? • Most of the incoming solar radiation is in the visible part of the spectrum • Most visible light passes through the atmosphere without being absorbed • The earth radiates heat back out towards space when warmed up Much of the radiation does not escape into space • Most is trapped by certain gases in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide and particular water vapour

  37. What are the sources of greenhouse gases? • Greenhouse gases are generated by varies human activities, because of • burning of fossil fuels • deforestation • extensive rearing of livestock • extensive use of cooling agents, blowing agents, insulating and packaging materials, aerosol sprays and solvents

  38. What are the effects of global warming? • Thermal expansion of the oceans, melting of glacial ice • Flooding • Low-lying cities would be submerged • Global climate would be affected due to the removal of rainforests • Distribution of the climatic regions and ocean currents would be changed • Increase in frequency and severity of weather extremes • Increase in temperature of marine • Biodiversity • Alter disease pattern, thus, increase the spread of epidemics • Pests could become more active and grow faster • Shrinking timber yields

  39. Ice on Kilimanjaro 15 ) 2 10 Area (km 5 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year Year Kilimanjaro 2000

  40. Melting of Glaciers and Sea Level Rise

  41. Current sea level rise has occurred at a mean rate of 1.8 mm per year for the past century and more recently at rates estimated near 2.8 to 3.1 mm per year (1993-2003) Over the last 100 years, the global sea level has risen by about 10 to 25 cm

  42. Increased pollution Soil erosion and loss of fertility Decomposition rate by microbes is altered Nutrient cycling is altered

  43. Reduces gene pool - affects speciation Food chain is altered Alteration in Hydrologic Cycle

  44. What can we do to solve the problems of global warming? • Use “cleaner energy” • Smart transportation and land use • Forestation • Watch less TV • Use less air conditioner • Turn off the light when leaving the room • Take public transport • Use less microwave oven • Restore a damaged environment

  45. What is acid rain? • Acid rain refers to precipitation in the form of dilute acid solutions • Not a single phenomenon • The pollutants involved are sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, ozone and various volatile organic vapours • Acid rain typically has a pH from 4.0 to 5.4

  46. What are the effects of acid rain? • Damage the buildings, statues • Corrode marble and metals • Causes human respiratory diseases • Increases the acidity of soil • Induce the release of aluminium ions from soil particles • Acidify lakes

  47. What are the solutions to all these problems?

  48. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS Earth Summit (June,1992) ------ Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Attended by 130 heads of states and delegates from 160 nations. Addressed ; Climatic change Loss of biodiversity International cooperation in technology development and transfer Economic cooperation Created a joint agenda for sustainable future known as Agenda 21.

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