Transplantations & Borderlands

1. Transplantations & Borderlands Chapter 2

3. Reasons why English Merchants invested their money in America • Gold & Silver • Lumber • Northeastern part of the country was known as the “Great American Forest” • Why did England need lumber? • Shipbuilding • Homes

4. Reasons why English Merchants invested their money in America • Colonists would have to buy manufactured goods • Fishing • What part of the country would fish be abundant? • Patriotic Duty to challenge Spain as an economic power.

5. Columbian Exchange

6. Reasons why the Common People came to America • What is the Enclosure Movement& why would it force people to move to America? • Better Way of Life – the enclosure movementforced people to leave their home land as indentured servants & come to America

7. Reasons why the Common People came to America • Freedom of Religion • The Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther, questioned catholic practices, which caused some religious groups to come to America (1517) • King Henry VIII established the Church of England or Anglican Church in a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church. • King James I of England forced his subjects to join his Anglican or Church of England (1601)

8. Reasons why the Common People came to America • Freedom of Government - Religious & political persecution were common. • Adventure

9. Chesapeake Colonies • Virginia • Maryland

10. The Early Chesapeake • Early English attempts to transplant English society were carried out by joint‐stock companies chartered by the Crown • Virginia Company settled the first permanent colony in VA in 1607 (Jamestown)

11. Jamestown • Jamestown was hampered by high mortality rate • Site was low, swampy, and in the territory of the powerful Powhatan Indians • Settlers were prone to diseases (malaria) • Settlers were almost entirely menwith few useful skills& no sense of community

13. John Smith • Captain John Smith was the leader of the Jamestown settlers • In 1608, he imposed order and discipline; few deaths occurred during the second winter • Soon after he left, problems arose again (even though the colony received more immigrants and supplies)

14. Starving Time • Initially, Powhatan Indians showed the English how to cultivate corn (maize) • By the winter of 1609‐1610 (starving time) relations soured • Survivors were reinforced by continued immigration and governors achieved stability by implementing harsh regimes

15. Limited Success • The following helped Virginia achieve stability and modest success: • Private property • John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco • Influx of skilled workers and indentured servants due to the Headright system • Political participation in the House of Burgesses • Introduction of African labor

16. The Atlantic Slave Trade

17. Suppression of the Powhatan • Virginia’s expansion came at the expense of the local Powhatan Indians • In 1622, the Powhatan attacked Jamestownkilling one‐quarter of the population • The Colonists pursued a strategy of suppression that ended the Powhatan threat by 1644 • The 1622 attacks drove the Virginia Company into bankruptcy • The King revoked its charter in 1624bringing colony under the crown as a royal colony

18. Maryland & the Calverts • Catholic Calvert family was awarded Maryland as a proprietary colony in 1632 • Lord Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, saw this a commercial venture and refuge for English Catholics • To fulfill the commercial goal, he invited Protestants to live in Maryland, but they almost immediately outnumbered the Catholics • To protect the Catholic minority, Maryland adopted the Act of Toleration in 1649. • Established the basis for religious toleration.

19. Maryland • Large land grants from the proprietors established a powerful landed aristocracy • Instability in Maryland resulted from warfare among the settlers rather than with the Indians • Maryland used the Headrightsystem, indentured servants, and ultimately slaves to cultivate the labor‐intensive tobacco crop

20. Sir William Berkeley • The governor, Sir William Berkeley, attempted to resolve conflicts by setting aside land areas for the natives and restricting English settlement in those areas • This furthered the existing schism between the land‐hungry western “backcountry gentry” and the eastern aristocracy • In 1676, this erupted into revolt when Nathaniel Bacon, a backcountry landowner, attacked Indians in defiance of the Governor

21. Bacon’s Rebellion • Twice, Bacon attacked Jamestown, yet Berkeley regained control • Bacon died of dysentery and troops arrived from • England • Bacon’s Rebellion left the Indians in a weaker position with less territory • It Revealed: • The unwillingness of the English to honor agreements with Indians • The bitterness between eastern and western interests • Dangers of an unstable landless population

22. New England Colonies • New Hampshire • Massachusetts (Maine part of Mass) • Rhode Island • Connecticut

23. Plymouth Colony • Puritan dissenters from the Church of England known as Pilgrim Separatists founded the first lasting settlement in New England • After first moving to Holland to escape Anglican repression, they obtained permission to settle in America • In 1620, a small group abroad the Mayflower settled at Plymouth, north of Cape Cod • The Separatists established a civil government based on majority rule in the Mayflower Compact

24. Relations with the Indians • Massachusetts Indians were less able to resist the European settlement than the Powhatansbecause the Massachusetts Indians had been weakened by disease • Even with assistance from Squanto and Samoset, half the Pilgrims perished during the first winter • Their belief that they were fulfilling God’s will sustained the community

25. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Another group, the Puritans, many of whom were merchants, obtained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company • 1,000 colonists arrived in the area around Boston in 1630 • The Massachusetts charter served as a foundation for the government and John Winthrop was chosen governor

26. Theocracy • Puritan villages each regulated their own affairs • Seeing themselves as an example of a godly community to purify Englandthey created “a city upon a hill” to be an example to the world • The clergy and the government worked closely together • Only male church members, the “saints” as they were known, could vote or hold office

27. Prosperity & Dissent • The following created rapid growth and prosperity: • Strong sense of community • Continuing influx of immigrants • Aid from the Indians and Pilgrims • Strong sense of religious purpose • Puritans left England to practice their religion, but they did not support religious freedom • Those who did not accept Puritan ideas were forced to leave Massachusetts

29. Connecticut • Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, settled with his congregation in the fertile Connecticut River Valley at Hartford in 1639 • They adopted a written constitution, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (more inclusive male voting rights than Massachusetts Bay) • New Haven Colony merged with Hartford in 1662

30. Rhode Island • Puritan minister Roger Williams, who argued for the complete separation of church and state, was banished from Massachusetts in 1635 • He bought land from the Narragansett Indians and founded Providence in Rhode Island • He was granted a royal charter in 1644, Rhode Island had no established church and supported religious freedom

31. Anne Hutchinson • Anne Hutchinson preached in her home, which was criticized as heresy • That only those who had a conversion experience could be one of the elect • That good works alone were not sufficient proof of sainthood • She criticized the established clergy, crossed the boundary of a woman’s proper role, and claimed to have direct communication with God • She was banished to Newport, Rhode Island in 1637 • Three years later, dissident John Wheelwright, an adherent of Hutchinson, founded New Hampshire

32. Indian Assistance • Due to European diseases that had decimated their populationsthe northern Indians were in less advantageous position than those to the south • They provided assistance to the settlers, sold their lands, and traded furs to the European settlers • They taught the Europeans about local crops—corn, beans, pumpkins, and potatoes—and agricultural techniques

33. Shifting Attitudes • Conflicts arose as settlers moved inland • Puritans were critical of the “heathen” Indians and their threat to godly Puritan communities • Some tried to convert the natives, but most Puritans came to accept removal or extermination to solve the Indian “problem”

34. Decline of Native Populations • Indians way of life was threatened as: • Colonists cleared forests • Drove off game • Allowed roaming livestock to destroy native crops • Introduced alcohol • Infected natives with disease • As a result native populations declined rapidly.

35. King Phillip’s War • Competition over land and power prompted conflict • In the 1637 Pequot War, Puritans were particularly brutal, killing Indian women and children • The English incursion on native lands led Metacomet, or King Philip, a Wampanoag chief, to strike back in 1675 • Settlers allied with the Mohawk tribe against the Wampanoags • King Philip’s War took a heavy toll on all sides • The Indian threat to the English diminished but was not • eliminated • Casualties were high in part because Indians adopted English technology

36. 10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America • Massacre at the Mystic • Video & Question Assignment

37. Middle Colonies • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania • Delaware

38. New York • Atlantic commercial rivalry between the Dutch and English intensified when Charles II granted the Duke of York, his brother James, land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers (had been occupied by the Dutch since 1624) • York established his claim to the former New Netherland in 1664 when an English fleet captured New Amsterdam • Rename New Yorkthe colony boasted diverse population from a variety of European countries as well as Africans and Native Americans • Religious toleration was guaranteed and political authority rested in a governor and council, and local governments.

39. New Jersey • In New York, large Dutch estates, called patroons, remained, and similar land grants were made by the proprietor. • Agriculture, the fur trade, and commerce supported the economy • James granted his lands south of New York to John Berkeley and George Cateret • The colony of New Jersey contained enormous ethic and religious diversity • After a decade New Jersey became a royal colony

40. William Penn • William Penn, a Quaker from the Society of Friends, was owed a large debt from the king, who repaid it by a grant of land between New York and Maryland • Rejecting the Puritan concepts of predestination and original sin, Quakers believed all people contained an inner light that could lead them to salvation • Women assumed equal position to men in the church • Generally democratic, pacifist, and unpopular in England the Quakers looked to America as a refuge & Penn provided it

41. Pennsylvania • William Penn attracted settlers from throughout Europe • Pennsylvania became the most cosmopolitan American colony • Penn purchased land from the Indians • His holy experiment practiced some degree of democracy with its representative assembly • In 1701, Charter of Liberties limited the proprietor’s power

42. Southern Colonies • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

43. Carolina Colony • Eight proprietors received a grand of land from Virginia to Georgia with nearly absolute power and named the area Carolina • They hoped to profit as landlords and land speculators • Aided by philosopher John Locke, the proprietors drafted a constitution, but the actual settlement followed a different pattern.

44. North & South Carolina • Family subsistence farming developed in the north • In the more cosmopolitan and aristocratic south, the cultivation of rice and trade were the major commercial ventures • Barbadian emigrants brought African slaves to the colonywhere a plantation‐based society arose • Tensions between the north and south ended when the king separated them into two colonies in 1729

45. Georgia • In part to counter the Spanish threat, King George granted a charter for land between the Carolinas and Florida to a group led by James Oglethorpe in 1732 • These trustees hoped to provide a buffer from the Spanish and be a refuge for debtors and the poor

46. Caribbean Islands • Spain claimed all the Caribbean islands& settled only a few • England settled others without contest • Sugarcane (potential to be distilled into rum) became the cash crop • Enslaved Africans became the labor force • The small, white ruling class governed a larger number of Africans and natives, which created much instability

47. Slaves • Slave mortality was high because of the climate and harsh treatment • Slave revolts took place despite legal codes to ensure white supremacy • Other forms of resistance also developed

48. Triangular Trade • The Caribbean was an important part of the Atlantic triangular trade • Sugar, rum, and slaves were sent to the mainland and England • The Islands provided models for the North American plantation system

49. Spanish Borderlands • To the south and west lay the Spanish Empire • The Spanish established presidios along the California coast and missions throughout the southwest to convert natives • The natives were forced to work on estates and died in great numbers • Spanish borderlands were not growing and did not attempt to displace natives • Unlike the English, Spanish intermarried with natives • Two societies were blended, even if the Spanish did not treat natives well as a group

50. Spanish Florida • The Spanish in Florida were a more direct threat to the English than in the Southwest • Their settlement was centered around St. Augustine in the east and Pensacola on the Gulf Coast • Tensions between the English and Spanish arose frequently • Florida ceased to be a threat only after the French and Indian War in 1763