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8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes

8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes. Mitosis is divided into five phases: Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is well underway by late telophase. 0. PROPHASE. PROMETAPHASE. INTERPHASE. Chromatin. Centrosome. Fragments

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8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes

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  1. 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Mitosis is divided into five phases: • Prophase • Prometaphase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase/Cytokinesis • Cytokinesis is well underway by late telophase

  2. 0 PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE INTERPHASE Chromatin Centrosome Fragments of nuclear envelope Early mitotic spindle Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Kinetochore Centromere Plasma membrane Spindle microtubules Nuclear envelope Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Nucleolus

  3. 0 INTERPHASE

  4. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Interphase • In the cytoplasm • Cytoplasmic contents double • Two centrosomes form • Animal cells have centrioles within the centrosomes, plants do not • In the nucleus • Chromosomes duplicate during the S phase • 2 Nucleoli are visible

  5. 0 PROPHASE

  6. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Prophase • In the cytoplasm • Microtubules begin to emerge from centrosomes, forming the spindle • In the nucleus • Chromosomes coil and become compact • Nucleoli disappear

  7. 0 PROMETAPHASE

  8. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Prometaphase • Spindle microtubules reach chromosomes, where they • Attach at kinetochores on the centromeres of sister chromatids • Move chromosomes to the center of the cell through associated protein “motors” • Other microtubules meet those from the opposite poles • The nuclear envelope disappears

  9. 0 METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS Nucleolus forming Cleavage furrow Metaphase plate Nuclear envelope forming Daughter chromosomes Spindle

  10. 0 METAPHASE

  11. 0 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Metaphase • Spindle is fully formed • Chromosomes align at the cell equator • Kinetochores of sister chromatids are facing the opposite poles of the spindle

  12. 0 ANAPHASE

  13. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Anaphase • Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres • Daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell when kinetochoremicrotubules shorten • The cell elongates due to lengthening of nonkinetochoremicrotubules C.

  14. 0 TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

  15. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Telophase • The cell continues to elongate • The nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each pole, establishing daughter nuclei • Chromatin uncoils • Nucleoli reappear • The spindle disappears C

  16. 0 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes • Cytokinesis • Cytoplasm is divided into separate cells • Applying Your KnowledgeBy the end of cytokinesis • How many chromosomes are present in one human cell? • How many chromatids are present in one human cell? C

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