Environment and Energy

1. Environment and Energy Htun Paw Oo 1 June 2012

2. Content • Environment and Energy • Ecosystem services • The role of energy • Myanmar energy context • Way forward

3. Environment • external conditions or surroundings, especially those in which people live or work • the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism (biophysical, water, land, forests, etc.) • the culture that an individual lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact (social) • constructed surroundings that provide the setting for human activity (built environment)

4. Ecosystem services Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005

5. Energy • a source of power, e.g., gasoline, fuel-wood • Nonrenewable energy, e.g., coal, oil • Renewable energy, e.g, wind, solar, biomass, hydropower • Energy is at the heart of most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues • Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy services are indispensable • Energy is at the forefront of the global agenda. It is central to the issues of development, global security, environmental protection

6. Source: UNSG Advisory Group ECC, 2010

7. Breakdown of Primary Energy Supply (2006-07) Source: Ministry of Energy

8. Source: Ministry of Energy

9. Energy sources in Myanmar Current sources • Petroleum • Natural gas • Compressed natural gas (CNG) • Hydroelectricity (renewable) • Coal Potential sources • Wind energy (renewable) • Solar energy (renewable) • Geothermal (Renewable) • Bio-energy (renewable) • Ethanol • Bio-diesel • Gasification • Biogas

10. Summary of Challenges to Expanding Energy Access and Protecting the Environment Source: Review of Rural Energy Access and Environmental Conservation Challenges and Solutions in Myanmar, 2012

11. Brief on Energy Policies in Myanmar • Policy -improving hydroelectric sources of supply, -expanding the grid to rural areas, and -promoting energy efficiency and conservation and development of renewable energy. • Myanmar Agenda 21 has identified two programme areas, namely: - Develop a system of comprehensive energy planning, development and management, and; -Improve energy efficiency and energy conservation.

12. Potentials of Rural / Renewable Interventions in Myanmar • Myanmar has also significant potential of renewable energy resources. • Renewable energy (RE) means the energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, biomass, tides and geothermal heat - which are renewable in nature as these could be naturally replenished and are virtually inexhaustible in duration. • ‘renewable energy sources’ hydro, wind, solar, biomass, bio-fuel, cogeneration, urban waste and such other sources • RE resources, which are more reliable and clean and require low investment and can be installed in a short period of time, whereas electricity generation from big hydropower within short period of time is quite difficult.

13. Up-scaling Rural Energy Initiatives in Myanmar • Fuel-efficient stoves for cooking; • Household electricity for lighting; • Electricity for health clinics, schools and public lighting systems and communications; • Mechanical power for basic agricultural/food processing & water pumping; and • Energy (such as solar dryers and micro-hydros) for village micro-enterprises and cottage industries.

14. Problems and Constraints • High capital investment cost usually not affordable by poor families and communities; • Lack of awareness and technological knowledge on RET; • Low community awareness on available technologies and modern energy options; • Lack of updated and reliable data; • No proper financing system and bank support for rural energy projects;

15. Problems and Constraints • Weakness of management and maintenance of renewableenergy technologies (RET) projects; • Low efficiency application due to lack of energy efficient equipments and appliances; • Scattered effort and achievement on RE applications and RET development actions are not harmonized; and • No standard and code for manufacturing / production of equipment and institution for certification.

16. Way Forward • Environment -Support and participate in environmental conservation activities -Improve awareness on value of ecosystem services • Strategies for energy would be considered as follows: -to develop all the energy resources of Myanmar; -to increase the production level of present existing energy resources; and -to continuously update the unsuppressed energy demand

17. Way Forward • Support the Government to formulate Rural and Renewable Energy Policy and Guidelines • Assist / support the Government in developing policies and incentive packages on Rural / Village Electrification from all source of renewable energy and develop guidelines for participation of Private sector / community / Government (PPP) modality • Support planning of implementation of extension of RE Demonstration Villages • Organize consultation meetings and workshop for capacity building of NGOs / private sector on RETs and assist to promote experience sharing / networking / technology transfer • Promoting research and development • Need initial technical assistance and capacity building • Integrated efforts of concerned ministries and private entrepreneurs