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Son of the South

Son of the South. John C. Calhoun as a Case Study for Antebellum U.S. History. Purpose and Objective. Students appreciate a good character in history. John C. Calhoun is the near-absolute perfect character for the Antebellum period.

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Son of the South

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  1. Son of the South John C. Calhoun as a Case Study for Antebellum U.S. History

  2. Purpose and Objective • Students appreciate a good character in history. • John C. Calhoun is the near-absolute perfect character for the Antebellum period. • Hook students on the character of Calhoun by introducing Calhoun. • Calhoun has a deep footprint on major historical events of the Antebellum period. • Connect Calhoun as a tragic character with strengths and weaknesses to the brewing sectional conflict in the United States.

  3. Standards • SS.8.A.1.5 Identify, within both primary and secondary sources, the author, audience, format, and purpose of significant historical documents. • SS.8.A.1.7 View historic events through the eyes of those who were there as shown in their art, writings, music, and artifacts. • SS.8.A.4.1 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of United States westward expansion and its growing diplomatic assertiveness. • SS.8.A.4.2 Describe the debate surrounding the spread of slavery into western territories and Florida. • SS.8.A.4.3 Examine the experiences and perspectives of significant individuals and groups during this era of American History. • SS.8.A.4.5 Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the 19th century transportation revolution on the growth of the nation’s economy. • SS.8.A.4.8 Describe the influence of individuals on social and political developments of this era in American History. • SS. 8.A.5.1 Explain the causes, course, and consequence of the Civil War. • SS.8.A.5.2 Analyze the role of slavery in the development of sectional conflict. • SS.912.A.1.2 Utilize a variety of primary and secondary sources to identify author, historical significance, audience, and authenticity to understand a historical period. • SS.912.A.1.6 Use case studies to explore social, political, legal, and economic relationships in history. • SS.912.A.2.1 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War.

  4. The Famous Calhoun Circa 1849

  5. Background • Born in 1782 in Abbeville, South Carolina • Labored on the family farm • Scotch-Irish descent • Part of Ulster Scot migration • Attended Yale and Litchfield Law School • Southern families of means sent sons to Northern schools given lack of promotion of education in the South • Litchfield - first law school in U.S. • Aaron Burr an alum

  6. War of 1812 - War Hawk • Elected to House in 1810 to South Carolina’s 6th District as Democratic-Republican • Excellent orator and organizer despite lack of charm • Became a War Hawk leader along with Henry Clay • Chairman of Foreign Affairs Committee • Defend American honor against British • New England objected given pro-British views

  7. Post-War of 1812 Nationalism • Along with Henry Clay, Calhoun pursued nationalist policies • Development of infrastructure • Bonus Bill of 1817 - vetoed • Public works and transportation • Protective tariffs • Develop domestic industries • Hurts agricultural sector • National bank • Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Proposed by Henry Clay • Calhoun supported as a nationalist solution to avoid sectional conflict of slavery • South objected given limitation of slavery

  8. Secretary of War (1817-1825) • During the Era of Good Feelings • Demanded extensive reorganization and development of nation’s military while supporting nationalist policies • Developed bureaucracies in War Department • Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824) • Seminole Wars • Requested censure of Andrew Jackson due to invasion of Florida in 1818

  9. Election of 1824 • Almost ran as President but settled for Vice Presidency • Election of 1824 • 4 candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson • Corrupt Bargain • Split D-R into Jacksonian Democrats and National Republicans • South Carolina unanimously voted Jackson • Calhoun won VP by landslide as Adams running mate • Disillusioned by Corrupt Bargain • Turned away from National Republican platform • Ran and won as Jackson running mate in Election of 1828

  10. Petticoat Affair/Peggy Eaton Affair • Peggy Eaton married John Henry Eaton, a close friend of Jackson • Eaton’s personal influence and “quick” marriage led to Cabinet wives and officials to denounce her including Calhoun • Resulting scandal led to Cabinet resignations • Development of Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet • Eventual rise of Martin van Buren

  11. Nullification Crisis • Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations • Protective tariff of historically high rates • Britain cut off cotton imports; South bought from North at higher prices • South Carolina Exposition and Protest • Based on Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Nullification: state vetoes federal law as unconstitutional • Concurrent majority • Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) • Jackson: “Our Union: It must be preserved.” • Calhoun: “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. May we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States…” • Nullifier Party • Force Bill • South Carolina legislature nullified Tariff of 1828 • Congress authorized Jackson’s military use to enforce federal laws • South Carolina legislature nullified Force Bill • Calhoun first VP to resign office • Tariff of 1833 • Compromise by Henry Clay to reduce rates over the next decade to appease Jackson and Calhoun

  12. U.S. Senator (1832-1843) • Merged Nullifier Party with Whigs in opposition to Jackson Democrats • Issue of slavery and states’ rights drove Calhoun to become a Democrat • “Slavery A Positive Good” Speech

  13. Secretary of State (1844-1845) • Appointed by John Tyler, a pro-Democratic Whig • Oregon Dispute • Avoided war with Britain by acknowledging 49th parallel • Annexation of Texas (1845) • Opportunity to expand Slave Power • No treaty, but proposed joint resolution • Led to war with Mexico

  14. Conflict Over Slavery • Opposed war with Mexico as threat to states’ rights and slavery • Viewed party systems as a threat to sovereignty and welfare of states • Rejected Compromise of 1850 • Endorsed reinforced Fugitive Slave Law

  15. The End • Calhoun died March 31, 1850 • His legacy continued on with the escalating sectional strife between free and slave states

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