Organizational Change and Culture

2. 14 Organizational Change and Culture

3. Organizational success depends on the organization’s adaptations to environmental changes.

4. Structure (the way the firm is organized to meet its mission and objectives) Task (behavior to complete the job to meet organizational objectives) People (employees who complete the tasks) Technology (the machines and process used to get the task done) Types of Changes

5. Forces for Organizational Change External Environmental Forces • Increased global competition • Consumer demands • Government laws • Economic conditions • Technological advances Internal Environmental Forces • Financial position • New and revised mission and strategy • Reorganization of formal structure • Acquisition and merger

6. Stages in the Change Process 1. Denial 4. Commitment 2. Resistance 3. Exploration

7. Resistance to Change • Resistance to change involves the variables of intensity, source, and focus, and explains why people are reluctant to change. • Reasons for resisting change: • Status Quo • Uncertainty • Learning Anxiety • Fear • Managers should anticipate how employees will react to or resist change

8. Resistance to Change: Key Variables

9. Overcoming Resistance to Change • Develop a positive climate for change • Encourage interest in improvement • Plan • Give facts • Clearly state why the change is needed and how it will affect employees • Create a win-win situation • Provide support • Stay calm • Avoid direct confrontation • Use power and ethical politics

10. How Employees Resist Change The Blocker The Roller The Staller The Reverser The Sidestepper The Threatener The Politician The Traditionalist The Assaulter

11. Change Models Lewin’s Change Model Step 1. Unfreezing Step 2. Moving Step 3. Refreezing Lussier’s Change Model Step 1. Define the change Step 2. Identify possible resistance to change Step 3. Plan the change Step 4. Implement the change • Give the facts • Involve employees • Provide support Step 5. Control the change Exhibit 14.5

12. Organizational Culture • Organizational culture – consists of the shared values and assumptions of how its members will behave • Global firms need to incorporate national cultural values in their organizational culture • Organizational culture is linked with positive organizational results • Although culture can change, it is difficult to change beliefs and values

13. Stories Heroes Ceremonies Symbols Slogans Ways to Learn the Organization’s Culture

14. Strong and Weak Cultures • Strong cultures – • Organizations that have clear values that are shared to the extent of similar behavior • e.g., IBM, PepsiCo, J.C. Penney • Weak cultures – • Organizations that have no stated values and do not enforce behavior

15. Positive and Negative Cultures • Positive culture – • Has norms that contribute to effective performance and productivity • Negative culture – • A source of resistance and turmoil that hinders effective performance

16. The most effective organizational culture that leads to effective performance is strong and positive.

17. Organizational Climate (1 of 2) • Organizational climate – the relatively enduring quality of the internal environment of the organization perceived by its members • Climate is employees’ perception of the atmosphere of the internal environment • Climate is based on shared perceptions of the way things are done • Successful companies tend to have strong cultures and positive climates

18. Organizational Climate (2 of 2) • Organizational climate is important because: • The employees’ perception of the organization serves as the basis for the development of their attitudes toward it • Their attitudes in turn affect their behavior • Morale – a state of mind based on attitudes and satisfaction with the organization • Morale is an important part of organizational climate

19. Dimensions of Climate Responsibility Structure Rewards Organizational identity and loyalty Warmth Dimensions of Climate Risk Support Exhibit 14.6

20. Dimensions of Climate: Summary (1 of 2)

21. Dimensions of Climate: Summary(2 of 2)

22. Organizational Development (OD) • OD – the ongoing planned process of change • Used as a means of improving the organization’s effectiveness in solving problems and achieving its objectives • The first step in OD is diagnosis of the problems OD Techniques • Training and development • Performance appraisal • Grid OD • Survey feedback • Force field analysis • Team building

23. Training and Development Training • The process of developing the necessary skills to perform the present job • Typically used to develop technical skills of non-managers Development • The process of developing the ability to perform both present and future jobs • Usually less technical • Generally designed for professional and managerial employees

24. The Training Cycle Step 1 Needs Assessment Step 5 Measure and Evaluate Results Step 2 Set Objectives Step 4 Conduct the Training Step 3 Prepare for Training

25. Job Instructional Training Step 1. Preparation of the trainee Step 2. Trainer presentation of the job Step 3. Trainee performance of the job Step 4. Follow-up Exhibit 14.7

26. Performance Appraisal • Ongoing process of evaluating employee job performance • Also called: • Performance job evaluation • Performance review • Merit rating • Performance audit • One of the manager’s most important and most difficult functions

27. Conducted properly, performance appraisal can decrease absenteeism and turnover, and increase morale and productivity.

28. Performance Appraisal Steps Organization’s strategy, goals, and objectives Step 1 State job responsibilities Step 5 Step 2 Conduct the formal appraisal interviews Develop standards and measurement methods Prepare the formal appraisal interviews Step 4 Step 3 Conduct informal appraisals – “Coaching” Exhibit 14.9

29. Objectives used to appraise employees’ performance: Developmental Objectives • Used as the basis of decisions that improve future performance Evaluative Objectives • Used as the basis of administrative decisions that reward or punish for past performance • e.g., bonus pay • e.g., salary decisions • Used to make demotion, termination, transfer, and promotion decisions

30. Critical Incidents Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) Rating Scale Narrative Management by Objectives (MBO) Ranking Performance Appraisal Methods

31. Coaching Model Step 1. Refer to past feedback Step 2. Describe the current performance Step 3. Describe the desired performance Step 4. Get a commitment to change Step 5. Follow-up

32. Grid OD • A six-phase program designed to improve management and organizational effectiveness • Phases include: • Phase 1. Training • Phase 2. Team Development • Phase 3. Inter-group Development • Phase 4. Organizational Goal Setting • Phase 5. Goal Attainment • Phase 6. Stabilization

33. Survey Feedback Program Steps (1 of 2) • An OD technique that uses a questionnaire to gather data that are used as the basis for change • Management and the change agent do preliminary planning to develop an appropriate survey questionnaire • The questionnaire is administered to all members of the organization / unit • The survey data are analyzed to uncover problem areas for improvement

34. Survey Feedback Program Steps (2 of 2) • The change agent feeds back the results to management • Managers evaluate the feedback and discuss the results with their subordinates • Corrective action plans are developed and implemented • Measuring Climate. Commonly used to measure the organizational climate.

35. Force Field Analysis • A technique that diagrams: • the current level of performance • the hindering forces toward change • the driving forces toward change • Particularly useful for group problem solving • After group members agree on the diagram, the solution often becomes clear to them

36. Team Building • The OD technique designed to help work groups operate more effectively • The most widely used OD technique • The goals of team building programs vary, depending on: • the group’s needs • the change agent’s skills

37. Team Building: Typical Goals (1 of 2) • To clarify the objectives of the team and responsibilities of each team member • To identify problems preventing the team from accomplishing its objectives • To develop team skills in: • problem-solving • decision-making • objective-setting • planning

38. Team Building: Typical Goals (2 of 2) • To determine a preferred style of teamwork and to change that style • To fully utilize the resources of each individual member • To develop open, honest working relationships based on trust and an understanding of group members

39. Climate Building Problem Identification Process and Structure Evaluation Closure Training Problem Solving Team-Building Program Agenda Topics

40. The Relationship among Organizational Culture, Climate, and Development (1 of 2) • Climate is a sharing of perceptions and intangibles of the internal environment • Culture is the values and assumptions of the ideal environment • Culture informs climate • Often, the concept of culture encompasses that of climate

41. The Relationship among Organizational Culture, Climate, and Development (2 of 2) • OD is commonly used as the vehicle to change culture or climate • OD programs tend to be wider in scope than culture or climate • Culture and climate changes can be part of an extensive OD program addressing other issues as well

42. Global Differences • Openness to change is influenced by: • Cultural values • Collective versus individual societies • Openness to power and following orders for change without questioning authority • Culture and country development • Multinational corporations are continually seeking best practices to implement at all their global facilities