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Bioethics

Bioethics. Definition and history. Our bioethics projects end in…. An analytical ESSAY. How does the field of bioethics shape the world today? Make an analytical assessment 4 – 5 pages Specific evidence from presentations Reference history and general field of bioethics

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Bioethics

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  1. Bioethics Definition and history

  2. Our bioethics projects end in… • An analytical ESSAY. • How does the field of bioethics shape the world today? • Make an analytical assessment • 4 – 5 pages • Specific evidence from presentations • Reference history and general field of bioethics • Bibliography only for sources outside of class • Due at the end of presentations: TBA

  3. “Bioethics” • Coined in 1970 by Van RensselearPotter • Atomic bomb & human genome developments: social implications? • Became a narrower field: ethical analysis of moral questions posted to medicine by biomedical advances

  4. Expectations of Moral Physicians • What are the general duties and decorum expected of moral physicians? • Competent • Dedicated • Kept confidences • Cared for sick poor without charge

  5. Pre-1960s • Paternalistic medicine • Utilitarian thinking • Not focused on individual/human rights • World of medicine sacrosanct • Cultural and political authority

  6. Mid-20th century changes • Science brings more effective treatments • More people have access to physicians • Physicians more competent, educated • Earned more $$ • Rights-based movements • Civil Rights Movement • Second Wave Feminism • War protests • Challenge old ideas about medical morality & patient rights

  7. Advances: life sustaining technology • Artificial ventilators 1950s • Pope Pius XII weighs in 1957 • Artificial kidney 1961 • “God Committee” • social utility vs lottery • Chronic dialysis • Finances, quality of life questions, public policy • Federal legislation: financial support for end of life treatment

  8. 1970s, national attention: • 1973: information surfaces about immature newborn infants with dim prognosis allowed to die • 1973: 21 year old in coma with respirator whose parents want to disconnect; hospital refused—went to NJ Supreme Court Karen Ann Quinlan

  9. Other Bioethics topics arise • 1950s: human medical research topic explodes (Rebecca) • 1956: double helix structure of DNA – “secret” of life—modification of human genes? Cloning? (designer babies: Sophia) • 1970s: genetic testing (Jackie)

  10. And… • 1989: program to map the human genome initiated • 1997: Dolly, the cloned lamb born • By 2000: stem cell isolated from human embryos (Rachel) • Bush, 2001: Bioethics Advisory Council to advise on cloning and stem cell research

  11. More bioethics topics! • 1968: first heart transplant • Ethical issues? • Human reproduction • Artificial insemination: 1884 • Chemical contraceptives: 1950s • In vitro fertilization: 1979 • Then other manipulations of embryo

  12. Bioethics field • By end of the 1980s, developed field of bioethics: centers, curricula in universities, journals, courses, conferences, ethics committees in hospitals, etc. • Now: political role of bioethics? • Harrison & Ben: AIDS • Lucas & Aaron: Alternative Health • Chloe: Conscience Clause • Skyler: Biochemical Warfare • Zur & Elliana: Healthcare Ethics

  13. Current debate: bioethics Principlism Casuistry • System of ethics based on the four moral principles of: • 1. Autonomy • 2. Beneficence • 3. Nonmalficence • 4. Justice • Formalized by the Belmont Report in 1979, cause of origin from Nuremberg Trials • Case-based reasoning • Applies theoretical rules to specific instances, but then bends rules if case justifies it • Utilitarianism form of casuistry • Often sees how closely a case matches a paradigm, then applies rules based on match • Dates from Aristotle, revival in 1988 with new book; criticized for abuses in Middle Ages

  14. Sources • http://www.bucklin.org/bioethics-history.htm • http://historyweb.ucsd.edu/pages/undergraduate/Fall%202008%20pdfs/HISC116FA2008.pdf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principlism • Bioethics: an introduction to the history, methods, and practice • By Nancy Ann SilbergeldJecker, Albert R. Jonsen, Robert A. Pearlman

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