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肝炎病毒 疱疹病毒

肝炎病毒 疱疹病毒. 李惠. HEPATITIS VIRUSES 肝炎病毒. HAV 甲型肝炎病毒 HBV 乙型肝炎病毒 HCV 丙型肝炎病毒 HDV 丁型肝炎病毒 HEV 戊型肝炎病毒 HFV 已型肝炎病毒 HGV 庚型肝炎病毒 TTV TT 型肝炎病毒. Hepatitis A virus, HAV 甲型肝炎病毒. Biological Properties. picornavirus, +ssRNA genome 小 RNA 病毒科 27 nm in diameter ,non-enveloped icosahedral particle

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肝炎病毒 疱疹病毒

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  1. 肝炎病毒疱疹病毒 李惠 http://www.shsmu.edu.cn/

  2. HEPATITIS VIRUSES肝炎病毒 HAV甲型肝炎病毒 HBV乙型肝炎病毒 HCV丙型肝炎病毒 HDV丁型肝炎病毒 HEV戊型肝炎病毒 HFV 已型肝炎病毒 HGV 庚型肝炎病毒 TTV TT型肝炎病毒 上海交通大学医学院

  3. Hepatitis A virus,HAV甲型肝炎病毒 上海交通大学医学院

  4. Biological Properties • picornavirus, +ssRNAgenome小RNA病毒科 • 27 nm in diameter ,non-enveloped icosahedralparticle 27nm, 球形, 20面立体对称,无包膜 • one serotype一个血清型 Feinstone (1973) 上海交通大学医学院

  5. Stronger than enterovirus, resistant to detergents, acid (pH 1.0 for 2h), 60℃ for 1h,survive for months in fresh water and salt water 抵抗力比肠道病毒强 上海交通大学医学院

  6. Pathogenesis致病性 • spread via the fecal-oral route粪-口途径传播 • Source of infection: patient, inapparent infection传染源: 病人、隐性感染者 • Viral shedding in the stool precedes the onset of symptoms by 14d but stops before the cessation of symptoms • Symptoms • Initial symptoms: fever, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain • Jaundice 上海交通大学医学院

  7. HAV的致病性 粪-口途径传播 小肠淋巴结中大量增殖 入血并形成病毒血症 肝脏为最终靶器官(病毒直接损伤或免疫病理作用) 通过胆汁随粪便排出体外 上海交通大学医学院

  8. Asymptomatic infections are very common. As already noted, disease in children is generally milder than that in adults and is usually asymptomatic隐性感染多 • No a chronic infection and carrier,not associated with hepatic cancer.无慢性病例和病毒携带者,不与肝癌有关 • Complete recovery:99% 预后好 • Fulminant hepatitis暴发性肝炎: 1~3 / 1000, 80% mortality rate死亡率 • Pregnant women may develop more severe disease. 孕妇感染严重 上海交通大学医学院

  9. Mechanisim of pathogenisis致病机理: • Directly injury by virus病毒直接损伤 • immunopathogenesis免疫病理作用 上海交通大学医学院

  10. 上海交通大学医学院

  11. immunity免疫性 无论显性感染还是隐性感染 均能产生抗-HAV的 IgM和IgG抗体 抗-HAV的IgM在急性期和恢复早期出现 阳性可作为甲肝的确诊依据 抗-HAV的IgG在恢复后期出现 有保护作用,维持终身 上海交通大学医学院

  12. Laboratory Diagnosis微生物学检查 • anti-HAV IgM 抗-HAV IgM • by an ELISA or radioimmunoassay 上海交通大学医学院

  13. Treatment and Prevention防治原则 • Control the source of infection控制传染源 • Cut down the route of transmission切断传播途径 • Passive immunization - Normal immunoglobulin 丙种球蛋白 • Active immunizations • A killed HAV vaccine • a live attenuated HAV vaccine 上海交通大学医学院

  14. hepatitis B virus, HBV乙型肝炎病毒 上海交通大学医学院

  15. SHAPE AND STRUCTURE形态结构 There are 3 particles in patient’s blood • Dane particle Dane颗粒(大球形颗粒) • small spherical particle小球形颗粒 • tubulose particle管形颗粒 上海交通大学医学院

  16. Dane particle Complete particle, infective HBV spherical,double capsid球形,双层衣壳。 outer capsid=envelope 外衣壳=包膜(脂质双层+蛋白质) HBsAg等 inner capsid内衣壳: HBcAg、HBeAg internal内部: DNA--- circular, double- stranded环状双链 DNA polymerase 多聚酶 上海交通大学医学院

  17. HBV的小球形颗粒 HBsAg-containing particles 过剩的衣壳蛋白装配而成 上海交通大学医学院

  18. HBV的管形颗粒 小球形颗粒串联而成 上海交通大学医学院

  19. Genome of HBV • a circular, double-stranded DNA containing single-strand breaks不完全双链环状DNA • four open reading frames that encode seven polypeptides. 含4个ORF,编码7个蛋白 • S HBsAg,Pre-s1,Pre-s2 • C HBcAg,HBeAg • P polymerase多聚酶 • X HBxAg基因 上海交通大学医学院

  20. Antigen of HBV抗原组成 Antigen of outer capsid外衣壳抗原 • hepatitis B surface antigenHBsAg表面抗原 • indicates that virus replication is occurring in the liver 说明病毒在肝中复制(机体受感染标志) • four phenotypes:adr,adw,ayr,ayw • anti-HBs:neutralization antibody中和抗体 • hepatitis B core antigen HBcAg核心抗原 • not found in blood一般不能检出 • anti-HBc non-neutralization antibody非中和抗体 • Core IgM indicates recent infection. 抗-HBc IgM说明HBV复制 • Core IgGindicates exposure to HBV Antigens of inner capsid内衣壳抗原 上海交通大学医学院

  21. hepatitis B e antigen e抗原HBeAg • the best correlate to the presence of infectious virus. 感染性病毒存在的最有效证据(复制及具传染性的标志) • anti-HBeindicates low infectivity in a carrier 抗HBe说明病毒感染性较低(是预后良好的征象) 上海交通大学医学院

  22. culture培养 • resistance抵抗力 strong resistanceto cool,dry, ultraviolet, alcohol inactivate: 100℃ 10min 上海交通大学医学院

  23. Pathogenesis and Immunity • source of infection传染源 patients or carriers 急性、慢性患者或无症状HBsAg携带者 • route of transmission传播途径 • sexual routes • parenteral肠胃外的routes • injection of the virus into the blood stream • contaminated blood and blood components by transfusion, needle sharing, acupuncture针灸, ear piercing, or tattooing • perinatal围产期 routes • contact with the mother’s blood at birth and in mother’ milk 上海交通大学医学院

  24. Pathogenesis of HBV致病性 • Cell-mediated immunity (liver injury) • Immune complexes ( HBsAg + anti-HBs) : development of hypersensitivity reactions (other organs injury) infants infected perinatally become chroniccarriers 上海交通大学医学院

  25. Clinical Findings • Acute infection急性感染 • Fulminant hepatitis暴发型肝炎 • Chronic infection 慢性感染 • Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC)原发性肝细胞癌 上海交通大学医学院

  26. Acute infection • a long incubation period and an insidious onset • prodromal period前驱期 :fever, malaise不适, anorexia食欲缺乏, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, chills • classic icteric黄疸 symptoms of liver damage • Recovery 上海交通大学医学院

  27. Fulminant hepatitis暴发型肝炎 • occurs in approximately 1% of icteric patients and may be fatal 1% 黄疸病人,可致死 • severe liver damage, such as ascitesand bleeding 肝严重受损,腹水,出血 上海交通大学医学院

  28. Chronic infection • elevated liver enzyme levels 转氨酶水平高 • 10% of patients with chronic hepatitis may develop cirrhosis and liver failure 10% 可发展为肝硬化和肝衰竭 • major source for spread of the virus主要传染源 • at risk for fulminant disease if they become co-infected with HDV 上海交通大学医学院

  29. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC)原发性肝细胞癌 • promoting continued liver repair and cell growth in response to tissue damage • integrating into the host chromosome and stimulating cell growth directly 上海交通大学医学院

  30. 上海交通大学医学院

  31. Laboratory Diagnosis乙肝“两对半”及临床意义 • HBsAg、 抗HBs • HBeAg、 抗HBe • (HBcAg) 抗HBc 上海交通大学医学院

  32. 上海交通大学医学院

  33. HBV抗原抗体系统检测临床意义 上海交通大学医学院

  34. Treatment and Prevention • Control the source of infection控制传染源 • Cut down the route of transmission切断传播途径 • Passive immunization - Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg)抗-HBs人血清球蛋白 • Active immunizations • HBsAg vaccine • No specific treatment 上海交通大学医学院

  35. hepatitis C virus,HCV丙型肝炎病毒 predominant cause of non A non B hepatitis 上海交通大学医学院

  36. Biological properties生物学性状 • a member of the flavivirus 黄病毒属成员 • 40~60nm,spherical球形 • an enveloped virion有包膜 • Genome: (+)ss RNA 上海交通大学医学院

  37. Pathogenesis and Immunity致病性与免疫性 • six genotypes基因型:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ • transmitted by means similar to HBV 传播途径似HBV • in infected blood (输血后肝炎) • Intravenous drug abusers • transfusion • organ recipients • hemophiliacs receiving factors Ⅷ or Ⅸ • sexually 上海交通大学医学院

  38. Pathogenesis persistent, chronic hepatitis →cirrhosis肝硬化 , hepatocellular carcinoma肝癌 • acute hepatitis15% • chronic persistent infection 70% • severe rapid progression to cirrhosis15% 上海交通大学医学院

  39. Laboratory diagnosis • ELISA recognition of antibody • genetic techniques to detect HCV RNA Treatment防治原则 • No vaccine尚无可用疫苗 • Recombinant IFN-αalone or with ribavirin 病毒唑 上海交通大学医学院

  40. hepatitis D virus,HDV丁型肝炎病毒 • a defective virus that acquires an HBsAg coat for transmissionHDV是缺陷病毒,需以HBsAg构成其衣壳来传播 • circular, single-stranded RNA molecules and an internal core δ antigen (HDAg)单负链环状RNA和δ 抗原(HDAg) 上海交通大学医学院

  41. Pathogenesis • spread by the same routes as HBV: blood, semen, and vaginal secretions 传播途径与HBV相同:血液,精液,阴道分泌物 • increases the severity of HBV infections: Fulminant hepatitis 加重HBV感染:爆发性肝炎 • Coinfection联合感染 • Superinfection重迭感染 上海交通大学医学院

  42. Laboratory diagnosis • detecting the delta antigen ,RNA or antibodies病原学检查为HDAg、抗HDV及HDV-RNA • Anti-HDV IgM • Persistant Anti-HDV IgGchronic infection Treatment and prevention • no known specific treatment • prevention of infection with HBV prevents HDV infection. 上海交通大学医学院

  43. hepatitis E virus,HEV戊型肝炎病毒 • spherical, non-enveloped, and 27-34 nm 球形,无包膜, • a positive-sense, single-strand RNA genome 单正链RNA 上海交通大学医学院

  44. spread by the fecal-oral route为粪-口途径传播 • symptoms and course of HEV disease are similar to those of HAV disease 症状病程类似HAV • Acute hepatitis ,mortality rate : 1% to 2% • especially serious in pregnant women (mortality rate of approximately 20%)孕妇感染严重,病死率高达20% 上海交通大学医学院

  45. Diagnosis 微生物学检查 • HEV:EM or IEM电镜或免疫电镜 • Anti-HEV IgM • HEV RNA 上海交通大学医学院

  46. 五种肝炎病毒比较 上海交通大学医学院

  47. 疱疹病毒(Herpes viruses) • 1 有包膜的双链DNA病毒 • 2 在感染细胞核内形成包涵体 • 3 可形成增殖感染和潜伏感染 上海交通大学医学院

  48. 上海交通大学医学院

  49. 单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simple virus,HSV) 上海交通大学医学院

  50. 流行病学 • 人群感染率高,广泛存在潜伏感染 • 病人和健康带毒者是传染源 • 密切接触与性接触为主要的传播途径 • HSV-1一般通过口腔或污染的手及飞沫感染 • HSV-2一般通过性接触传播 上海交通大学医学院

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